Some of the Jews were able to return to Judah in order to begin rebuilding the city of Jerusalem. God's Word mentions four Jewish temples that have stood or will stand in . [5] In classic English texts, however, the word "Temple" is used interchangeably, sometimes having the strict connotation of the Temple precincts, with its courts (Greek: ), while at other times having the strict connotation of the Temple Sanctuary (Greek: ). Also according to the booklet and to Daniel 9:27, 12:11, and Matthew 24:15, the Temple sacrifices will be reinstituted in Israel in the last days (p. 14). Do you know all the items needed for the Temple to perform its functions have already been created? The Temple suffered at the hands of Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylonia, who removed the Temple treasures in 604 bce and 597 bce and totally destroyed the building in 587/586. Walls around Jerusalem were not restored until Nehemiah . During the Roman period, in AD 70, the Second Temple was destroyed, along with Jerusalem, by Titus' army. Jerusalem (AFP) -. During the centuries after its destruction, Jews made three major attempts to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. The clock stopped and 7 years are left which will begin when the Anti Christ makes a covenant marking the 7 year Great Tribulation = 490 years then Jesus returns again to set up His 1000 year reign. "Gratuitous Hatred What is it and Why is it so bad? They are [also] enjoined to make a different partition surrounding the Sanctuary, distant from it, similar to the screen-like hangings of the court that were in the wilderness. Two of the prophets around at this time were Haggai and Zechariah. Or wait. The Sanhedrin and the Temple Movement also hold reenactments of Temple ceremonies for the training of those who are from the priestly class known as Kohanim. According to Matthew 24:2,[52] Jesus predicts the destruction of the Second Temple. Go to work, because I am with you, declares the LORD of the Heavenly Armies. Mar 25, 2022. Note: verses 6-23 are parenthetical, giving an account He asked the king to investigate if Cyrus indeed issued a decree for rebuilding the temple during the first year of his reign. Daniel foresaw the Antichrist ending the daily sacrifices. [44] In the Jerusalem Talmud, tractate Yoma iii. References to sacrifices on holidays are made in the past tense, and petitions for their restoration are removed. Our focus on the Temple Mount and the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem that we had with Winkie Medad is the greatest indicator of major prophecy that could be fulfilled in 2021. of similar opposition and stopping of the rebuilding work, Zerubbabel in Hebrew means: Shoot of Babylon. Some sang for joy at this beginning, but the old men who had seen the former temple wept loudly. Tractates of the order deal with the sacrifices of animals, birds, and meal offerings, the laws of bringing a sacrifice, such as the sin offering and the guilt offering, and the laws of misappropriation of sacred property. And thats how it is with everything they undertake and with what they offer thereit is unclean. Salomon has said: [Building the Third Temple] is an act which must be done to complete the redemption of the people of the Bible in the Land of the Bible. Xerxes (486-465BC) [Also known as Ahasuerus]. 1563: The Shulchan Aruch, considered a definitive code of Jewish law, is written. It dated to the time of the Second Temple when Jews immersed at this site before entering the Temple precincts. Concerning the site, Israels Supreme Court has stated in its ruling Opinion on the Issue of the Works on the Temple Mount, The reality on the Temple Mountis by no means simple. The rebuilding of the temple started with Cyrus the Great but was completed under the reign of Darius I. Span ~ 140 years Reaching the scattered Lost Tribes of Israel? If we are in the End Times, are you ready? They also managed to lay the foundations for a new temple. What is the meaning of AD, BC, BCE and CE? All that remained of the retaining wall surrounding the Temple Mount was a portion of the Western Wall (also called the Wailing Wall), which continues to be the focus of Jewish aspirations and pilgrimage. This was the time of Malachi the prophet. Of major importance was the rebuilding of the Second Temple begun by Herod the Great, king (37 bce4 ce) of Judaea. Gershon Salomon is director of the Temple Mount Faithful, an organization that has been trying to prepare Israeli society to accept and promote the rebuilding of the Temple through demonstrations at the Temple site, the construction of a cornerstone for the Third Temple, and the making of various Temple-related utensils. Learn facts that you cant learn just from reading the Bible During Cyrus's rule, Zerubbabel led the exiles back to Jerusalem to rebuild the altar and temple foundations (Ezra 3:2-3,10). right through to the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. During the Roman conquest, Pompey entered (63 bce) the Holy of Holies but left the Temple intact. He discovered beneath the floor of the mosque the remains of a Jewish miqveh (ritual pool used for purification). The fatalities included a 6-year-old boy and a man in his 20s. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Temple-of-Jerusalem, World History Encyclopedia - The Temple in Jerusalem, Jewish Virtual Library - The Jewish Temples: The First Temple - Solomons Temple, Temple Mount - The Destruction of the Second Temple. www.simplybible.com Copyright Ron Graham 2001. 22 I will overthrow royal thrones. [27], There are three main theories as to where the Temple stood: where the Dome of the Rock is now located, to the north of the Dome of the Rock (Professor Asher Kaufman), or to the east of the Dome of the Rock (Professor Joseph Patrich of the Hebrew University). + Ezra and Nehemiah were leaders in the reign of Artaxerxes. This altar is unique because it was designed to be disassembled and quickly reassembled in its proper permanent location, because the people of Israel are required to build an altar exclusively on the site of the original altar on Mount Moriah, the Temple Mount. I will overthrow chariots along with those who drive them. These inscriptions were on the wall that surrounded the Temple and prevented non-Jews from entering the temple's courtyard. When Israel's relationship with God was troubled, the Temple fell into disrepair. The priests answered, No., 13 So Haggai responded, If someone who is unclean because of contact with a dead body were to touch any of these things, would they become unclean?, The priests responded, They would be unclean., 14 Then Haggai answered, Thats how I look at this people and this nation, declares the LORD. It is exciting to see these developments unfold in the Land of Israel regarding the building of a Third Temple as we eagerly watch for the second coming of our Messiah! [citation needed]. Temple rebuild was started 536BC, then there was a break of fourteen years. The First Temple was built as an abode for the Ark and as a place of assembly for the entire people. Moreover, a rebellion ensued and was brutally crushed, but no further action by Antiochus was taken, and when Antiochus died in 187 BCE at Luristan, his son Seleucus IV Philopator succeeded him. And the hired laborer deposits his salary, 7 This is what the LORD of the Heavenly Armies says: Carefully consider your ways: 8 Go up into the mountains, bring timber, and reconstruct my house. Advertising. What Are The Names of the Thieves Crucified With Christ. Currently the Temple does not exist, not since the Romans destroyed it in 70 AD. Ive also seen the Temple as a barometer measuring the health of Israels relationship with God. Work was completed in 515 bce. Like the Temple, their relationship with Jesus is nonexistent. [29] However, chapter 54 of the Tractate Yoma and chapter 26 of the Tractate Sanhedrin assert that the Holy of Holies stood directly on the Foundation Stone, which agrees with the traditional view that the Dome of the Rock stands on the Temple's location.[30][31]. This date is obtained by coordinating Ezra 3:810[15] (the third day of Adar, in the sixth year of the reign of Darius the Great) with historical sources. Amen. However, the question of whether and when to construct the Third Temple is disputed both within the Jewish community and without; groups within Judaism argue both for and against construction of a new Temple, while the expansion of Abrahamic religion since the 1st century CE has made the issue contentious within Christian and Islamic thought as well. 5 My Spirit continues to dwell among you, according to the covenant I established when you came out from Egypt. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It reserves one week, declares that 2300 days or years are decreed for the trampling under foot of the temple mount, then Antichrist pops in for that 7 years. | The Hub (10 February 2022). Only together can we rebuild the Holy Temple! Darius (522-486BC) [Not the earlier Darius theMede]. 10 That is why the heavens keep withholding dew from you, and the earth withholds her fruit. Required fields are marked *. He adds that Jerusalem is sacred to Muslims because of its prior holiness to Jews and its standing as home to the biblical prophets and kings David and Solomon, all of whom he says are sacred figures in Islam. Mark 13:14 Tap the title above, next to the arrow, to go to thatlesson with a link back to thispage. Figures ~ Ezra Nehemiah [20][21][22] In 54 BCE, Crassus looted the Temple treasury. 9:27). [11] This Temple was sacked a few decades later by Shoshenq I, Pharaoh of Egypt. ", "The Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall (June 1967)", "The Centrality of Covenant Theology to the Islamic Faith", "A Brief History of the Temple of Jerusalem", "Masjid Al Aqsa: The Best Place of Residence 40 Ahadith", "The Temple of Solomon: Heart of Jerusalem", Visit of the Temple Institute Museum in Jerusalem conducted by Rav Israel Ariel, Video tour of a model of the future temple described in Ezekiel chapters 4049 from a Christian perspective, The Centrality of Covenant Theology to the Islamic Faith, A Brief History of the Temple of Jerusalem, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_in_Jerusalem&oldid=1142216603. According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, professor of Islamic Studies at George Washington University, Jerusalem (i.e., the Temple Mount) has the significance as a holy site/sanctuary ("haram") for Muslims primarily in three ways, the first two being connected to the Temple. It seemed that they looked on Cyrus the Great as the liberator they had been promised in Isaiah 45. I cannot imagine an Israeli State or Israeli life in this country without the Temple Mount in the center of this life.. This currently may be in process. On a practical level, Jews are banned by Israeli law from praying at the site, and those who visit are daily accosted by Muslims, such as the Women in Black, who maintain a constant vigil on Jewish presence at the site. During the fourth night of Hanukkah and the annual menorah-lighting ceremony, Joe Biden talked about the destruction of the Second Temple, which he compared it to the "temple of our democracy." . [2] Today, the Temple Mount is the site of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque, with the latter having a high level of significance as the third-holiest site in Islam. The Temple Mount, along with the entire Old City of Jerusalem, was captured from Jordan by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War, allowing Jews once again to visit the holy site. Time ~ 8. See Jennifer A. Harris, "The Body as Temple in the High Middle Ages", in Albert I. Baumgarten ed., "The Spiritual Significance of Jerusalem: The Islamic Vision. Projects to build the hypothetical "Third Temple" have not come to fruition in the modern era, though the Temple in Jerusalem still features prominently in Judaism. Behold, days are coming, declares the LORD, when I will fulfill the good word which I
9 The glory of this present house will be greater than was the former, declares the LORD of the Heavenly Armies. At that time, a righteous descendant of David, the Messiah, will sit on the throne in Jerusalem, and the Temple will again stand complete with its Levitical priesthood. The rebuilding of the temple started with Cyrus the Great but was completed under the reign of Darius I. Haggai 1:1-15, 2:1 On the twenty-first day of the seventh month, this message from the LORD came by Haggai the prophet: 2 Speak to Shealtiels son Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, to Jehozadaks son Joshua, the high priest, and to the rest of the people, asking, 3 Who is left among you who saw this house in its former glory? Anyone who changed the edict would be punished severely according to the edict of Darius (Ezra 5:1-17 and 6:1-12). He doesn't want to wait for years. Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . Zerubbabel led the first group of exiles back to Jerusalem in 536BC. A Palestinian man runs away from tear gas during clashes with Israeli security forces in front of the Dome of the Rock Mosque in the Temple Mount compound in Jerusalem's Old City, May 10, 2021. 9 You turned away in pursuit of abundance, but look at how little you found! This is recorded on the Bible Timeline Chart with World History about 500 BC. 1516-1517: Ottoman Empire replaces Mamluk control over much of the Levant and Jerusalem. You have it beginning at the wrong year to start with. His name [Zerub-Babel] means "Born in Babylon". I want to live with You forever in heaven. The Temple was the place where offerings described in the course of the Hebrew Bible were carried out, including daily morning and afternoon offerings and special offerings on Sabbath and Jewish holidays. However, it is quite different in scope, methodology, 1 Mention may be made of Nehemiah's diary that is the literary backbone of Nehe- In 167 BCE, the Jews rose up en masse behind Mattathias and his five sons to fight and won their freedom from Seleucid authority. Israeli archaeologists on Thursday unveiled new parts of a major public building in Jerusalem just metres from where the Second Jewish Temple is believed . Israel officially unified East Jerusalem, including the Temple Mount, with the rest of Jerusalem in 1980 under the Jerusalem Law, though United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared the Jerusalem Law to be in violation of international law. righteousness on the earth. Revelation 11:1-2. nine While modern Israel and a large percentage of the Jewish people throughout the Diaspora are secular, Orthodox Jews do not believe these people will play a role in . When Zerubbabel led the first party of exiles back to Jerusalem, the first thing they rebuilt was the altar so that worship and sacrifice could begin again. When Israel rejected God, the Temple was destroyed. They make spiritual and religious restoration and reform. time I will cause a righteous Branch of David to spring forth; and He shall execute justice and
The Temple of Solomon or First Temple consisted of four main elements: In the case of the last and most elaborate structure, the Herodian Temple, the structure consisted of the wider Temple precinct, the restricted Temple courts, and the Temple building itself: The Temple edifice had three distinct chambers: According to the Talmud, the Women's Court was to the east and the main area of the Temple to the west. No rebuilding work was able to be done in this period (Ezra 4:25). Unique Circular Format see more in less space. While the Temple Movement continues to prepare for the rebuilding of the Temple, most understand that some political action must take place to reverse the present situation of control of the Mount by Muslims, in order to allow for Jewish access. Made part of the wall surrounding the Muslim Dome of the Rock and Al-Aq Mosque in 691 ce, it returned to Jewish control in 1967. In those days and at that
However when you study Jewish prophecy and their history we see that at the completion the 483rd year when Christ came into Jerusalem on the back of a donkey, you will find that there is 7 more Jewish prophetic years to fulfill all of Daniels 490 Jewish prophetic years. [53], The Temple Mount bears significance in Islam as it acted as a sanctuary for the Hebrew prophets and the Israelites. Both horses and their riders will fall, each one by means of his comrades weapon. When Antiochus erected a statue of Zeus in their temple and Hellenic priests began sacrificing pigs (the usual sacrifice offered to the Greek gods in the Hellenic religion), their anger began to spiral. 2 min. [59] The attempt failed, with contemporary accounts mentioning divine fire falling from Heaven but also perhaps due to sabotage, an accidental fire, or an earthquake in Galilee. If youre not sure, please dont wait any longer. one A third wave returns with Nehemiah in 445 BC. Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, from the tribe of Judah, was the governor of Jerusalem and Joshua the son of Jehozadak was the high priest. The judges occasionally pulled together the widely scattered tribes for a united military effort. Books ~ Ezr, Neh, Est, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! Of course, there's a practical problem because the Muslim Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque are on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, from the tribe of Judah, was the governor of Jerusalem and Joshua the son of Jehozadak was the high priest. The Temple is mentioned extensively in Orthodox services. This court was itself surrounded by a wall broken with gates and chambers. When Israel's relationship with God was going well, the Temple was thriving. It did not include the ritual objects of the First Temple; of special significance was the loss of the Ark itself. The driver, a 31-year-old Palestinian citizen of Israel, father of three and resident of Isawiya . But notice, Jesus had only 3-1/2 years of ministry before being cut off, new temple, new deal broken after another 3-1/2 years under antichristbut we are not as close to that as people might thing, 200 more years possibly according to Daniel 8:13-14. On the south side, beginning with the southwest corner, there were four gates: On the north side, beginning with the northwest corner, there were four gates: The Hall of Hewn Stones (Hebrew: Lishkat haGazit), also known as the Chamber of Hewn Stone, was the meeting place, or council-chamber, of the Sanhedrin during the Second Temple period (6th century BCE 1st century CE). He claims that the Quran "expressly recognizes that Jerusalem plays the same role for Jews that Mecca has for Muslims".[58]. Blessed is He who receives the service of His people Israel with favor" (similar to what is today the 17th blessing of the Amidah), and the Priestly Blessing, and on the Sabbath they recited one blessing; "May He who causes His name to dwell in this House, cause to dwell among you love and brotherliness, peace and friendship" on behalf of the weekly Priestly Guard that departed. 6 For this is what the LORD of the Heavenly Armies says: Once more, in a little while, I will make the heavens, the earth, the sea, and the dry land to shake. Jerusalem May 6, 2022 5 min read Home Jews begin building Third Temple on Israel Independence Day noads While most Israelis were celebrating Independence Day by having family barbecues, a small group gathered in the Old City of Jerusalem and began chipping away at stones, preparing them to be used to build the prophesied Third Temple. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, The Unexpected History Behind Jerusalems Street Names, Richard the Lionheart Accepts Saladin's Peace, British Mark Capture of Jerusalem from Turks, Supreme Moslem Council Recognizes Jewish Temple Mount, Jerusalem's Military Government Abolished, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, 1800 BCE - Construction of First City Wall, 586 BCE - Babylonian Forces Destroy Jerusalem and Demolish. Because the three cardinal sins were rampant in society: idol worship, licentiousness, and murder And why then was the second Temple wherein the society was involved in Torah, commandments and acts of kindness destroyed? [14] According to some 19th-century calculations, work started later, in April 536 BCE (Haggai 1:15), and was completed on the 21st of February, 515 BCE / 3245 AM, 21 years after the start of the construction. Nearly 50,000 Jews traveled from Babylon to Jerusalem (Ezra 2:64). This training involves special schooling on the duties of the priests, the use of ritual vessels created for use in the Third Temple, and practice on a newly constructed altar of burnt offering. The three of these places are called 'Sanctuary' (Hebrew: ). What does the Temple in Jerusalem have to do with prophecy and the End Times? These would likely come from the United Nations (UNESCO) and drawn from regional powers such as the Arab League, NATO, or interested states such as the U.S., the E.U., and RussiaAny proposed legal regime will require interfaith cooperation composed of religious leaders from the region. 5 Now this is what the LORD of the Heavenly Armies, says: Carefully consider your ways: but dont have enough to become satisfied. The first was the messianic movement of Shimon Bar Kokhba from A.D. 132-135. 13 Haggai, the messenger of the LORD, spoke to the people with a special commission from the LORD: I am with you, declares the LORD., 14 Then the LORD revitalized the spirit of Shealtiels son Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, the spirit of Jehozadaks son Joshua the high priest, and the spirit of all the rest of the people, so they came and began to work on the house of their God, the LORD of the Heavenly Armies. [42] She also made a golden plate on which was written the passage of the Pentateuch[43] which the Kohen read when a wife suspected of infidelity was brought before him. 19 Is there seed left in the granary? Cyrus issues a decree to let the exiles of Judah return The first and main party returns with Zerubbabel 538 BC. How Long In Prison? Jerusalem at the time was in the grips of a mayoral election and the Sanhedrin urged both running candidates, Ofer Berkovich and Moshe Lion, to rebuild the temple. It is extremely delicate and complicatedThis is one of those cases in which a judicial ruling is not the reasonable way to decide the dispute, and a decision of this kind goes beyond the boundaries of the law. In 37 BC, King Herod enlarged the Temple Mount and rebuilt the temple with the consent of the public. The location of the Holy of Holies was even a question less than 150 years after the Second Temple's destruction, as detailed in the Talmud. When Israels relationship with God was troubled, the Temple fell into disrepair. In addition, Tattenai received additional instruction from Darius to help the Jews rebuild their Temple by paying for the construction cost. The true temple of God and plan to rebuilt the third temple of Jerusalem - YouTube 0:00 / 17:33 The true temple of God and plan to rebuilt the third temple of Jerusalem Petri Paavola. Part of the traditional Jewish morning service, the part surrounding the Shema prayer, is essentially unchanged from the daily worship service performed in the Temple. As part of the daily offering, a prayer service was performed in the Temple which was used as the basis of the traditional Jewish (morning) service recited to this day, including well-known prayers such as the Shema, and the Priestly Blessing. [50] [51] Jordan had occupied East Jerusalem and the Temple Mount immediately following Israel's declaration of independence on May 14, 1948. Daniel 9:27 The First Temple contained five altars: one at the entrance of the Holy of Holies, two others within the building, a large bronze one before the porch, and a large tiered altar in the courtyard. A red heifer cannot be transported to Israel for use in the Red Heifer ceremony, because the animal cannot have ever worn a yoke and must be born in the Land of Israel. Numerous psalms sung as part of the ordinary service make extensive references to the Temple and Temple worship. And the people feared the LORD. 18 Pay attention from now on, from this twenty-fourth day of the ninth month, when the foundation of the LORDs Temple was laid. German journalist Dirk-Martin Heinzelmann, featured in the film, presents the point of view of Prof. Joseph Patrich (the Hebrew University), stemming from the underground cistern mapping made by Charles William Wilson (18361905). In another hadith the prophet Muhammad said, "You should not undertake a special journey to visit any place other than the following three Masjids with the expectations of getting greater reward: the Sacred Masjid of Makkah (Kabah), this Masjid of mine (the Prophets Masjid in Madinah), and Masjid Al-Aqsa (of Jerusalem)."[56]. So yes, the clock has been stopped for 1990 years and will pick back up when the anti-christ signs a 7 year peace accord with Israel (Dan. A prayer for the restoration of the "house of our lives" and the. Sign up to find out what the signs of the times have to say about where we are on God's timeline and what you can do to become a part of prophesy fulfilled! After the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great in 539 BC, the exiled Jews were absorbed into the vast Persian empire. One possibility was found in an academic book on the politics of the Temple Mount: Given the emphasis upon the international communitys interest in the sites, under the concept of heritage of humankind, representatives from the international community need to be included as mediators and guarantors. Darius reads the decree Cyrus had made, and There are over forty hadith about Al-Aqsa Mosque and the virtue of visiting and praying in it, or at least sending oil to light its lamps. Where does the Bible say the clock stopped? The building itself, therefore, was not large, but the courtyard was extensive. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? Since 1987, when the Temple Movement began preparations for the rebuilding of the Third Temple, efforts to see this become a reality in the 21st century have been slowly progressing. 1392: English King Henry IV makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. During the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Romans in 132135 CE, Simon bar Kokhba and Rabbi Akiva wanted to rebuild the Temple, but bar Kokhba's revolt failed and the Jews were banned from Jerusalem (except for Tisha B'Av) by the Roman Empire. They pronounced three benedictions with the people present: "True and firm", and the "Avodah" "Accept, Lord our God, the service of your people Israel, and the fire-offerings of Israel and their prayer receive with favor. | List On the east side was the Gate of Nicanor, between the Women's Courtyard and the main Temple Courtyard, which had two minor doorways, one on its right and one on its left. Rome set up the people THEY wanted as priests to advance their political agenda in Israel. Yes Israel News", "Were There Jewish Temples on Temple Mount? 4 (1998): pp. There were mixed feelings. Almost a century later, the First Temple was replaced by the Second Temple, which was built after the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by the Achaemenid Persian Empire. I will annihilate the strength of national governments. Updates? However, with a full reading of the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah, there were four edicts to build the Second Temple, which were issued by three kings: Cyrus in 536 BCE (Ezra ch. Muslims view the Temple in Jerusalem as their inheritance, being the followers of the last prophet of God and believers in every prophet sent, including the prophets Moses and Solomon. Then I will fill this house with glory, says the LORD of the Heavenly Armies. 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( Ezra 2:64 ) drive them stood or will stand in 10 that is the... The arrow, to go to thatlesson with a link back to thispage the mosque remains. For a new Temple ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] in the Talmud... Part of the Second Temple begun by Herod the Great, King 37! Crassus looted the Temple, their relationship with God Born in Babylon '' and Temple worship seemed they... Out from Egypt x27 ; t want to wait for years with you forever in heaven life in country! But left the Temple and prevented non-Jews from entering the Temple as a of. And their riders will fall, each one by means of his comrades weapon Temple perform! Jews immersed at this site before entering the Temple at Jerusalem the public over much of mosque... I, Pharaoh of Egypt you have it beginning at the wrong year to start with with...