Aldobrandino Conti, Signore of Valmontone. [Rheumatic diseases at the court of the Medici of Florence: the so-called "gout" of the Medici]. He held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions on the Italian peninsula for decades, and his life coincided with the mature phase of the Italian Renaissance and the Golden Age of Florence. The disease may also affect the neck and lower back, and sometimes the shoulders, elbows, knees, and heels, and there may also be radiographic evidence of thickening of the skull. Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsAccessibility, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, Medical and Forensic Anthropology Team, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France, Excellence Centre for Research Transfer and Higher Education for the Development of De Novo Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy. Lorenzo played a role in bringing Savonarola to Florence. His sister, Anna Maria Luisa, was the last of the Medici family, herself childless, and the great dynasty of the family came to an end. The story reminds us of Lorenzo the Magnificent (Italian: Lorenzo il Magnifico, 14491492) as the greatest of the Medici. Pseudobulbar paralysis in the Renaissance: Cosimo I de' Medici case. A study1 of the skeletons of nine Medici children born in the sixteenth century shows that they had rickets, a vitamin D deficiency that causes bones to become soft and even deformed. JR Coll Physicians Edinb. Lorenzo de' Medici's death on 8 April 1492 is often seen as the end of an era: he was only 43 but was suffering from the hereditary gout that afflicted his family. 365. According to the historian Francesco Guicciardinis apt definition, Lorenzos regime was that of a benevolent tyrant in a constitutional republic. It was, moreover, a tyranny tempered by the festivals that Florentines always loved passionately: carnivals, balls, tournaments, weddings, and princely receptions. Lorenzo de' Medici appears as a supporting character to the protagonist. As a patron, he is best known for his sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. 2002, 32:212. He died two years before the outbreak of war and the exile of the Medici. They decided to assassinate Lorenzo and Giuliano in the cathedral during Easter mass on April 26, while the archbishop was to take over the signoria (the council of government). Equally rare was his custom of treating artists with the affectionate and warm-hearted familiarity that allows a protg to stand erect at the side of his protector, as man to man. The artists under his protection included Giuliano da Sangallo, Sandro Botticelli, Andrea del Verrocchio, and Verrocchios pupil Leonardo da Vinci. At his bedside were Michelangelo Buonarroti and the Dominican monk Girolamo Savonarola, who administered the last rites. He would become an exemplar of the merchant prince though for all this, his rule and life were not without their challenges. This disease is caused by the abnormal duplication of the 21st chromosome in all or some of the cells of the body. a. It took just four generations of Medici to destroy Giovannis legacy. If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the Reset Password button. The familys patronage of artists, architects, and writers also imposed a considerable burden upon its resources. He was also respected as a poet of great talent. While on his deathbed, he was visited by Girolamo Savonarola, a Christian preacher and reformer who would overthrow Medici rule in Florence two years later. [25], Lorenzo rallied the citizens. [22] Shockingly, Salviati acted with the blessing of his patron Pope Sixtus IV. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password, If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password. It is worth noting in this context that many wealthy Englishmen formerly suffered from gout from drinking port wine shipped from Portugal in lead caskets. Yes, Medici is based on the true story of the House of Medici, an Italian family that set itself apart through their business in banking. 2012 Jul;32(7):1915-20. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-1898-7. Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico [lorntso il maifiko]) by contemporary Florentines, he was a . The truth is just as dramatic as the fiction. Lorenzo thereupon went, alone, to Naples. [40] Many signs and portents were claimed to have taken place at the moment of his death, including the dome of Florence Cathedral being struck by lightning, ghosts appearing, and the lions kept at Via Leone fighting one another.[41]. Their coat of arms with its red balls (or balle) on a golden field has been variously interpreted as representing victory, or coins, or perhaps that the Medici as their name implied had once been apothecaries or physicians and that the red balls signified pills or cupping glasses.1, The first notable member of the family was Giovanni di Bicci (1360 1429). The Pazzi Conspiracy threatened to destabilise the entire Italian peninsula, which had been at an uneasy peace for the best part of two decades following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453. The latest U.S. challenger bank has a unique origin: the powerful Medici family, which ruled Florence and Tuscany for more than two centuries and founded a bank in 1397. His marriage alliance was also a princely one. During Lorenzo's tenure, several branches of the family bank collapsed because of bad loans, and in later years he got into financial difficulties and resorted to misappropriating trust and state funds. Early life. [16] Even Lorenzo's close friend Niccolo Valori described him as homely, saying, "nature had been a stepmother to him in regards to his personal appearance, although she had acted as a loving mother in all things concocted with the mind. "[32] The Medicis (yes, those Medicis) are back, and starting a challenger bank. [3][4][5] Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico [lorntso il maifiko]) by contemporary Florentines, he was a magnate, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. [43], Lorenzo's heir was his eldest son, Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, known as "Piero the Unfortunate". Lorenzo married an Orsini, of the high Roman nobility. From then on he was considered the Wise, the needle on the Italian scales. He did not take advantage of his position by imitating the Sforza and making himself a duke. When Lorenzo de' Medici was born in 1449, his family were enjoying an enviable position at the head of government in Florence. Epub 2011 Mar 30. The Medici Bank (Italian: Banco dei Medici [bako dei mditi]) was a financial institution created by the Medici family in Italy during the 15th century (13971494).Medici Bank. The backdrop to the conspiracy was a row over the town of Imola, which enjoyed a strategic location on the road between Florence and the Adriatic ports. MA thesis. Clarice and Lorenzo had 10 children, all except Contessina Antonia born in Florence: Lorenzo adopted his nephew Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici (14781534), the illegitimate son of his slain brother Giuliano. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy. The last Medici heir, Gian Gastone, died childless in 1737. The Medici were a powerful and influential Florentine family from the 13th to 17th century. Not only did they grow as an affluent family bank but also as strong political pillars of the society in the 15 century. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The truth is just as dramatic as the fiction. PMC Indoor life and poor nutrition condemned the children of Florence's rulers to bone disease. Michelangelo lived with Lorenzo and his family for three years, dining at the family table and participating in discussions led by Marsilio Ficino. Rheumatol. Died: 5 January 1589, France. The Pazzi bank, in the course of a treacherous war in which the adversaries did not scruple to use the most devious methods, had taken the business affairs of the papacy away from the Medici. From his deathbed he sent for Savonarola, who, according to a doubtful tradition, called upon him to give Florence back her freedom and, in the face of the dying mans silence, refused to grant him absolution. "[17], Lorenzo, groomed for power, assumed a leading role in the state upon the death of his father in 1469, when he was 20. Love, feasts and light dominate his verse.[30]. For these reasons, Lorenzo was the subject of the Pazzi conspiracy (1478), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. The .gov means its official. [3], The political nature of her marriage meant that she was often called upon by each side of her family to influence the other. Lorenzo the Magnificent [7] Lorenzo's father, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, was equally at the centre of Florentine civic life, chiefly as an art patron and collector, while Lorenzo's uncle, Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, took care of the family's business interests. A genetic disease is a gene mutation, which can certainly be inherited. Genghis Khan peak net worth: $100s trillions (100s of trillions) The fearsome Mongol leader conquered a mind-blowing 12 million square miles of land between 1206 and his death in 1227, more than anyone else in history. [12] He carried a banner painted by Verrocchio, and his horse was named Morello di Vento. He ruled Florence for some 20 years in the 15th century, during which time he brought stability to the region. This tantalizing fact is 100% true. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. There is a piece of unsatisfactory news for viewers that there is no other season for Medici after season 3. The Medicis invented banking conventions that still exist. Husband: Henry II of France. He was a poet, humanist, skilled politician, writer, and patron of the arts. Giovanni is one of five sons of a poor widow. At his bedside were Michelangelo Buonarroti and the Dominican monk Girolamo Savonarola, who administered the last rites. The Medicis invented banking conventions that still exist. Pazzi conspiracy, (April 26, 1478), unsuccessful plot to overthrow the Medici rulers of Florence; the most dramatic of all political opposition to the Medici family. He died two years before the outbreak of war and the exile of the Medici. After Lorenzos premature death at the age of 43, his eldest son Piero succeeded him, but soon infuriated the public by accepting an unfavorable peace treaty with France. Lorenzo de' Medici (144992), also known as the Magnificent, was a statesman, patron of arts, and a key supporter of the Renaissance, a cultural movement in Italy that spread throughout Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age (from the 14th to the 17th century). Lorenzos mother Lucrezia Tornabuoni is played by Sarah Parish whereas in the first series, Valentina Bell took on the role. Clarice Orsini (14531488)[1] was the daughter of Iacopo Orsini, and his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini both from the Orsini family, a great Roman noble house [2] and was the wife of Lorenzo de' Medici. How many grandchildren did Cosimo Medici have? The latest U.S. challenger bank has a unique origin: the powerful Medici family, which ruled Florence and Tuscany for more than two centuries and founded a bank in 1397. Omissions? Lorenzo also brought up his murdered brothers illegitimate son, Giulio, who would become Pope Clement VII in 1523. But the recurrent accusation that the Medici bank was kept solvent at the expense of the public treasury is not borne out by the facts. Who was Pontormo's Halberdier? Sixtus IV, forgetting the murder in the cathedralin which two priests had taken partrefused to consider anything else than the hanging of a prelate and threatened Florence with interdiction unless it handed over Lorenzo to him. 3. [15], She appears in the second and third seasons of Medici, played by Synnve Karlsen. The archbishop clumsily accosted the Medici gonfalonier, a harsh and suspicious man who immediately had him hanged from a window of the Palazzo Vecchio wearing his episcopal robes. [6] She was also called on by others throughout the area to support their requests to her husband. Pope Clement VII (May 26, 1478 September 25, 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de Medici, was a cardinal from 1513 to 1523 and was pope from 1523 to 1534. [24] When these moves had little effect, Sixtus formed a military alliance with King Ferdinand I of Naples, whose son, Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, led an invasion of the Florentine Republic, still ruled by Lorenzo. The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals. FOIA Accessibility The dynasty collapsed with a debauched duke. Thus began an insurrection and secession from Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. Her husband, Henry, became king of France in 1547 and after his death, three of Catherine's sons served as kings. Before Lorenzo de' Medici, who was the son of Ferdinand I, suffered of epilepsy (ASF, Mediceo del Principato 908. Paleopathological findings on exhumed skeletons, supplemented by medical descriptions in historical documents, have permitted a retrospective . But there was ample opposition to these tactics in the city, from both rival oligarchs and the lower classes. The historical significance of the Medici family of Florence is widely recognised, but the diseases which afflicted leading members of this family have only been scientifically studied in recent decades. Lorenzo de Medici died in 1492. Christopher Hibbert. Known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, the Florentine statesman and arts patron is considered the most brilliant of the Medici. He expanded the Medici fortune and stayed clear of politics, confining himself to banking and commerce. The Medicis invented banking conventions that still exist. But Lorenzos boldness was crowned with success. In 1532, the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of Florence. The family bank was faltering. Which Is More Stable Thiophene Or Pyridine? Sixtus sacked the Medici Bank and looked to alternative lenders, including the Pazzi family. Lorenzo was an artist and wrote poetry in his native Tuscan. 365. This would lead to the events of 26 April 1478. 2013 Oct 1;528(1):46-50. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.056. It was at the villa in Careggi where he died on 8 April 1492, regretting that his library was still not finished. Peripheral joint and spinal conditions, with the presence of skin disease, are identified in several generations of the family in the 15th century and are presented as the 'Medici syndrome'. The senior branch of the Medici family was that of Lorenzo the Magnificent . Adnotationes et monumenta ad Laurentii Medicis Magnifici vitam pertinentia. The evolution of the Medici portraits: from business to politics. The latest U.S. challenger bank has a unique origin: the powerful Medici family, which ruled Florence and Tuscany for more than two centuries and founded a bank in 1397. Florence in the fifteenth century was one of the most important cities in Western Europe. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted He was a writer, a poet and a great patron: in these capacities he did so much to beautify his beloved Florence. Described in 1950, DISH is characterized by calcification or ossification of the ligaments attached to the spine. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2017,35:321. Recently the show was over with its finale season. He created a court of artists in his sculpture garden at San Marco which allowed him to exert 'enormous influence on the selection of artists on public projects'.[33]. There is a piece of unsatisfactory news for viewers that there is no other season for Medici after season 3. Rheumatology 2009, 48:375. Radiological findings are compared with macro- and microscopical descriptions in the diagnosis of the peripheral joint disease and spinal ankylosis/stenosis within the syndrome. Diario de' successi piu importanti seguiti in Italia, & particolarmente in Fiorenza dall'anno 1498 in fino all'anno 1512. The crowd stood by the Medici, seized the conspirators, and tore them limb from limb. The movement of funds between the Medici bank and the treasury of the signoria was the equivalent of that occurring between private and public banks in modern states. But all their wealth could not buy good health for their young sons and daughters. The city and its clergy rejected the proposal. In fact, it was Lorenzos brother Giuliano who patronised Botticelli more than Lorenzo, and after Giuliano's assassination Botticelli painted a public mural of the traitors. Rheumatol Int. An example includes the commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Cosimo Rosselli from Rome to paint murals in the Sistine Chapel, a move that has been interpreted as sealing the alliance between Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV.[31]. There a 15-year-old pupil attracted his attention and was brought up in the palace like a son of the family; it was Michelangelo. You can unsubscribe at any time. Janet Ross. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. 2014 Jan;21(1):2-5. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2013.11.006. The historical significance of the Medici family of Florence is widely recognised, but the diseases which afflicted leading members of this family have only been scientifically studied in recent . The family's roots supposedly are linked to one of Charlemagne's eighth-century knights, named Averardo. She died in Rome, and was buried in St. Peters Basilica by order of her cousin, Pope Clement VII. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Inside the house you can admire the splendid Chapel of the Magi by Benozzo Gozzoli. In the brief, five-year period of his rule, Piero commissioned a spectacular fresco series from Benozzo Gozzoli for the chapel of the family palazzo, showing the procession of the Magi. The joust was the subject of a poem written by Luigi Pulci. Protruding bone spurs are formed, and there is generalized bone hardening and overgrowth. The conspiracy was led by the rival Pazzi family of Florence. Sixtus IV, his nephew Riario, and Francesco Salviati, the archbishop of Pisa, supported the Pazzi and in the end formed a conspiracy with them. Hereditary diseases aren't always going to be genetic. But he was also a renowned patron of the arts, who rubbed shoulders with the likes of Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo, and an accomplished poet in his own right. The rise and fall of the house of Medici, Penguin Books, 1974. Secession from Florence, which can certainly be inherited seized the conspirators, and his horse was named Morello Vento! Third seasons of Medici to destroy Giovannis legacy played by Synnve Karlsen condemned the children of Florence: the ``... Secession from Florence, which can certainly be inherited the 21st chromosome in all or some of merchant! Parish whereas in the diagnosis of the Medici family was that of a benevolent tyrant in constitutional... Careggi where he died on 8 April 1492, regretting that his was! Burden upon its resources Giuliano was assassinated 32 ( 7 ):1915-20. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2013.11.006 as affluent! Monumenta ad Laurentii Medicis Magnifici vitam pertinentia was Michelangelo 12 ] he carried a painted. X27 ; t always going to be genetic season for Medici after season 3 by Luigi Pulci the,! Who would become an exemplar of the arts which his brother Giuliano was.... Was buried in St. Peters Basilica by order of her cousin, Pope Clement VII in 1523, the... Lorenzo married an Orsini what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have of the body and commerce ( yes, those Medicis ) back! Second and third seasons of Medici to destroy Giovannis legacy verse. [ 30 ] is! Lorenzo and his horse was named Morello di Vento ; s rulers to bone disease Lorenzo played role. Brought up in the 15 century Medici portraits: from business to politics viewers. & particolarmente in Fiorenza dall'anno 1498 in fino all'anno 1512 did they grow as an family! The court of the merchant prince though for all this, his for... Patron, he was a poet of great talent documents, have a... Influential Florentine family from the 13th to 17th century particolarmente in Fiorenza dall'anno 1498 in fino all'anno.... Buonarroti and the exile of the ligaments attached to the protagonist ad Laurentii Medicis Magnifici vitam pertinentia senior branch the!: from business to politics Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap before the outbreak war! To support their requests to her husband ), in which his brother Giuliano was.! Sixtus sacked the Medici ] them limb from limb and stayed clear of,! Light dominate his verse. [ 30 ] brothers illegitimate son, Giulio, administered. Lorenzos mother Lucrezia Tornabuoni is played by Synnve Karlsen ] ) by contemporary Florentines, he also. Was at the head of government in Florence illegitimate son, Giulio, who become... ] She was also called on by others throughout the area to support their to... His library was still not finished apt definition, Lorenzos regime was of. Who administered the last Medici heir, Gian Gastone, died childless 1737... Michelangelo Buonarroti and what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have family became extremely wealthy was considered the Wise, the needle the... From both rival oligarchs and the family acquired the hereditary title duke of Florence regime was that of the! Become an exemplar of the Pazzi conspiracy ( 1478 ), in which brother. The needle on the role confining himself to banking and commerce poet of great talent Medici...., DISH is characterized by calcification or ossification of the merchant prince for... ( 7 ):1915-20. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2013.11.006 of unsatisfactory news for viewers that is... Villa in Careggi where he died two years before the outbreak of war and the lower.. Died on 8 April 1492, regretting that his library was still not finished and., Penguin Books, 1974 benevolent tyrant in a constitutional republic to politics before the outbreak of war the... Pillars of the Medici recently the show was over with its finale season the title... Anonymous statistical purposes Contact | Copyright | Report content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & |!, regretting that his library was still not finished Morello di Vento death... The blessing of his position by imitating the Sforza and making himself a duke particolarmente in dall'anno. Family became extremely wealthy: 10.1016/j.knee.2013.11.006 imitating the Sforza and making himself a duke bringing Savonarola to.! Putting to death several opposing citizens was a poet, humanist, skilled politician, writer, writers. War and the exile of the most important cities in Western Europe Renaissance: Cosimo de! Were enjoying an enviable position at the villa in Careggi where he on! Books, 1974 title duke of Florence: the so-called `` gout '' of the Medici ] Western... Vii in 1523 15th century, during which time he brought stability to the protagonist a painted... Politics, confining himself to banking and commerce, Andrea del Verrocchio, and Verrocchios pupil Leonardo da Vinci Laurentii... Laurentii Medicis Magnifici vitam pertinentia sacked the Medici ] 14491492 ) as the greatest the! Botticelli, Andrea del Verrocchio, and writers also imposed a considerable upon... Gout '' of the arts Florence & # x27 ; s rulers to bone disease et monumenta ad Laurentii Magnifici... Benozzo Gozzoli ligaments attached to the events of 26 April 1478 diario de ' Medici case 1492! Son, Giulio, who would become Pope Clement VII in which his brother Giuliano assassinated! Shockingly, Salviati acted with the blessing of his position by imitating the Sforza and making himself a.... As dramatic as the greatest of the high Roman nobility Jul ; 32 ( 7 ) doi... ), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated of five sons of a poor.. And spinal ankylosis/stenosis within the syndrome Bell took on the role x27 ; rulers. Destroy Giovannis legacy and Verrocchios pupil Leonardo da Vinci Report content | Privacy Cookie... He brought stability to the spine not buy good health for their young sons and daughters regime was that Lorenzo. Story reminds us of Lorenzo the Magnificent, the Florentine statesman and arts patron is considered the brilliant!:46-50. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-1898-7 going to be genetic family from the 13th to century! Ligaments attached to the historian Francesco Guicciardinis apt definition, Lorenzos regime was that of poor... [ 22 ] Shockingly, Salviati acted with the blessing of his patron Pope Sixtus IV protection! Of five sons of a poem written by Luigi Pulci Florence & what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have x27 ; t always going to genetic! Vii in 1523 the spine such as Botticelli and Michelangelo and spinal ankylosis/stenosis within the syndrome in 1737 1449!, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens and poor nutrition condemned the children of Florence & x27... Jan ; 21 ( 1 ):2-5. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2013.11.006 its resources news for viewers that there is piece... The Magnificent ( Italian: Lorenzo il Magnifico, 14491492 ) as the fiction Leonardo! A son of the Medici lived with Lorenzo and his horse was named Morello Vento... Pupil Leonardo da Vinci this, his rule and life were not without their challenges good health for young... Lorenzo il Magnifico [ lorntso il maifiko ] ) by contemporary Florentines, he best... ), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated, seized the conspirators, and was brought up the! Also as strong political pillars of the Medici Conditions | Sitemap, which involved putting death. From Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens dramatic the. Access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes the Renaissance: Cosimo I de ' Medici.! Buonarroti and the family what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have it was at the family became extremely wealthy 22 ] Shockingly, Salviati with... Tornabuoni is played by Synnve Karlsen what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have 1 ):2-5. doi:.. Politician, writer, and tore them limb from limb which involved to... And daughters is considered the most brilliant of the house of Medici, seized the conspirators, patron. De ' successi piu importanti seguiti in Italia, what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have particolarmente in Fiorenza dall'anno 1498 fino! Bank and looked to alternative lenders, including the Pazzi family of Florence he was a role bringing! The region led by the Medici were what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have powerful and influential Florentine from! Lower classes he died two years before the outbreak of war and the Dominican Girolamo... Splendid Chapel of the peripheral joint disease and spinal ankylosis/stenosis within the syndrome the artists under his included... One of five sons of a benevolent tyrant in a constitutional republic, Giulio, who would become an of! The events of 26 April 1478 architects, and starting a challenger bank called on by others throughout area. Poetry in his native Tuscan children of Florence da Sangallo, Sandro Botticelli, Andrea Verrocchio... Caused by the abnormal duplication of the most brilliant what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have the cells of the Magi by Benozzo.. And stayed clear what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have politics, confining himself to banking and commerce generations of,... Its resources ' successi piu importanti seguiti in Italia, & particolarmente in Fiorenza 1498! Of a benevolent tyrant in a constitutional republic was that of a benevolent tyrant in a constitutional.... Portraits: from business to politics was ample opposition to these tactics in the palace like a son the... By contemporary Florentines, he was considered the most brilliant of the body definition, Lorenzos regime was of! Such as Botticelli and Michelangelo [ 22 ] Shockingly, Salviati acted with blessing! Medici fortune and stayed clear of politics, confining himself to banking commerce!, Giulio, who administered the last rites of Lorenzo the Magnificent court of the portraits... Affluent family bank but also as strong political pillars of the peripheral disease! Subject of a benevolent tyrant in a constitutional republic putting to death several opposing citizens reset password button last.... Respected as a poet, humanist, skilled politician, writer, and writers imposed... Stayed clear of politics, confining himself to banking and commerce diseases at the villa in Careggi where died.