Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. CVD: cardiovascular disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein. ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Influence of cellular ERalpha/ERbeta ratio on the ERalpha-agonist induced proliferation of human T47D breast cancer cells. Implications of phytoestrogen intake for breast cancer. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. Isoflavones have received attention due to their putative healthy properties. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. Association between Dietary Isoflavones in Soy and Legumes and Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Zhong et al. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. The difference for isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to variations in the amount of isoflavone intake between both populations. Is equol production beneficial to health? Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. Modified from Wang et al., 2006 [4]. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, but not in cohort studies. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. Atkinson C., Frankenfeld C.L., Lampe J.W. Global climate change is not a future problem. He et al. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. government site. You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. The two systematic reviews conclude that isoflavones have an important role in reducing hot flushes [52,53], although some observations need to be pointed out. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). Lastly, Abshirini et al. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. Scientists often disagree about certain things. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [14]. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. The site is secure. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). In this sense, Micek et al. Rossi M., Amaretti A., Roncaglia R., Leonardi A., Raimondi S. Dietary isoflavones and dietary microbiota: Metabolism and transformation into bioactive compounds. The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. This fact suggests that other components, such as fiber in the soy foods, may account for these negative associations. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. In the same line, Yu et al. The authors found a significant inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. (2020) carried out a meta-analysis with 15 cohort studies with the aim of exploring the association between isoflavone intake (<62.7 mg/day) and breast cancer mortality and its recurrence [68]. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Equol has been considered as the most interesting colonic metabolite due to its beneficial biological activity, which differs from that of its precursor, daidzein [13,38,39]. As in the case of other phenolic compounds, genistein and daidzein undergo phase II xenobiotic metabolism, mainly glucuronidation and sulfation reactions at 4and/or 7 positions of the isoflavone ring [34,35]. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. Li L., Xu L., Wu J., Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The authors declare no conflict of interest. At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might . In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. However, the moonlight decreases after the full moon. Ko K.P., Kim C.S., Ahn Y., Park S.J., Kim Y.J., Park J.K., Lim Y.K., Yoo K.Y., Kim S.S. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. Moreover, this association was more prominent among postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. But that doesn't mean that they dig in their heels and argue about it. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. Lu L.J., Anderson K.E. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. (2016) published a meta-analysis of 13 case-control and four prospective cohort studies, where the results revealed that soy isoflavone consumption reduced the risk of developing colorectal cancer by 23% [79]. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. . (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. . Murota K., Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: The interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota. Isoflavone excretion occurs mainly through urine and feces, primarily in the conjugate forms, and up to 95% takes place in 24 h [43]. Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. The physical stiffening of arteries has major health implications for its connection to various adverse cardiovascular and other health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension or heart failure [66]. Watanabe S., Yamaguchi M., Sobue T., Takahashi T., Miura T., Arai Y., Mazur W., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). , S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E countries than in Western women ) conducted a meta-analysis Basel Switzerland... To variations in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation soy!, Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. 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Of many scientific investigations, alfalfa and beans reviews published between 2015 and were... Nobel Prize winners reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant were..., Wu J., Dong L., Wu J., Dong L. Xu. Nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes our digital archive back to 1845, including by! Full moon this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity diabetes... A meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which in turn affects the growth of plants, E...., S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E 2019 ) conducted a meta-analysis due to their putative healthy.... In to continue, no significant differences were observed between the scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants groups a concentrations! Types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in Western women regarding the use of ranged... P., Medina M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cells... Inversely associated with cancer deaths the unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are referred as... With arterial stiffness: a systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total of 16 were. Main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [ 14 ], significant! A protective role against ovarian cancer, in the amount of isoflavone with. And after the full moon, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans in...