One good way to check for simplicitya way typically more useful with singular than with general explanationsis to ask whether the explanation offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. The first part focuses on the importance of the improbability of the outcome. Complete each a. Due to this defect, it took an especially rich array of observable outcomes and an especially compelling theoretical simplicity for it to gain rational acceptance. Null hypothesis : this is known as the default hypothesis.It states that e. none of the above. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. Halley was especially interested in a comet he had observed in 1682. \end{bmatrix} We typically favor the explanations with the highest prior probability. Like their close cousins, inductive generalizations, explanatory arguments aim to expand our knowledge. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Explanatory arguments come in several varieties. B. The lad said that Suzy and the hired man were up in the hayloftthat Suzy had her dress up and the hired man had lowered his trousers. Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring. Clearly an army doctor, then. Dear Abby was a newspaper advice column with a readership of over 110 million in the late 20th Century. As we have seen in the preceding chapters, the conclusion of a strong induction must fit both the premises and the available background evidence. C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method If this turns out to be true, it provides much better support for the explanation since it rules out the gravity alternative. When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? To test for this, there are several questions that can require yes answers. Recall, from Chapter 13, that larger margins of error make it much more probable that the conclusion of an inductive generalization is true; there is a much greater chance that between 50 percent and 60 percent of the voters favor Jones than there is that exactly 55 percent of them do. Our natural tendency to look for outcomes that support our preferred explanation rather than those that might also falsify the alternatives. Hierarchical organization. Fallacy of affirming the consequent. Why? Web16.4 Summary of Chapter Sixteen. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. But it turned out that concrete was available only when mild weather had been predicted. A set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to further the understanding of numerical data. A hypothesis that proposes a lack of relationship between two factors. A biologist was concerned about the environmental effects of an insecticide being used in his area to kill mosquitos that carried equine encephalitis. c. with the intent to harm psychologically. B. I searched the apartment, but it was nowhere to be found. But this explanation has an exceedingly low prior probability. Argument doesnt seem to depend on form alone. General explanations are typical of science, though are not restricted to it. WebWhich of the following statements is true of an explanatory hypothesis? c. Use officials who do not tolerate aggression of any kind on the field. D. It excludes the presumption of No more mice. The null hypothesis was a better fit to your data. Any performance significantly better or worse than the students current mean level of competence would be largely a matter of chance. One habitat, selected at random, was sprayed with insecticide, and the other was used as a control. Which of the following is NOT one of the four most prominent theories of aggression? Drug companies sometimes hire independent research laboratories to evaluate whether a drug they've discovered is effective or not in treating an illness. The Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as altitude increases. It must establish an alternative explanation for a phenomenon. The plumber couldve called the man or sent a note (enclosed, perhaps, with his bill) to straighten things out, but wrote Dear Abby where there was a good chance it wouldnt be published or the man wouldnt read it; how often does a well-intentioned person take such an ineffective action to right a wrong? This is the place to ask about coincidence as an alternative explanation. The scolding and praise are no better than a fifth wheel in the argument, since the outcome is highly probable anyway. But Grayson believes its unlikely such factors fully explain the statistics. A general explanation that makes sense will typically lend itself to observable outcomes that can be graphed smoothly; and the simpler theory is more likely to eventually be buttressed by an adequate conceptual framework. 1. a. immature H. Huxley, letter, September 23, 1860. In these cases it is better to say that you simply cannot decide, especially if the argument has not ruled out coincidence or deception as alternative explanations. b. when participants are embarrassed A scientific theory is supported by testable and reproducible data. Here is one of the classic exchanges:[4], Dear Abby: Im a traveling man whos on the road five days a week. The characteristics of an experimental system subject to change; for example, time (the duration of treatment) or specific elements of the treatment, such as the substance or procedure administered or the temperature at which it takes place. This is what happened with Torricellis hypothesis. Premise 1 is probably true. Neither the researchers nor the study's participants know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the placebo. c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. C. It's Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? Epistemic probability, as explained in Chapter 9, refers to the probability of the statements truth given all relevant available evidence. e. b and c, a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment, The research examining the relationship between aggression and performance supports which conclusion? It describes why the individual is having problems. Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and applies to the motion of comets. A general, fact-based understanding of the basics of biology and other sciences, the scientific method, and the social, political, and legal implications of scientific information. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Signs that an Argument Is Explanatory Rather than Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent. This tentative explanation can either be proved or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments. If your hypothesis is "Echinacea reduces the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold," what is your null hypothesis? Suppose Halley had decided to look for confirmation of Newtons celestial mechanics by studying the sun rather than comets and, based on Newton, had confidently predicted that the sun would rise the next day. It includes the presumption of causation. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. Dont worry about whether the outcome has much likelihood of being true (since that has to do with the truth of premise 2, not with the logic of the argument). This terminology is acceptable but can be misleading, since many theories are quite factual and many facts are highly theoretical.[1]. WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? If the prior probability of the explanation is extremely low and deception has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation, judge the logic of the argument to be weak. First American psychologist. Lack noticed that on an island shared by two species of finches, ones beak was markedly smaller than the others. One test is to ask whether it offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. For each of the brief explanatory arguments, identify the explanation and offer a more precise observable outcome that would lower its prior probability and thus make the argument logically stronger. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. This condition is the logical requirement on any inductive argument that its conclusion fit appropriately with the total available evidence. T. But the first one, Torricellis, has a higher prior probability because it is simpler, due to its prediction of a smoother curve. A measurable entity that is available at the start of a process being observed and the value of which can be changed as required; generally represented on the x-axis in a graph. D. It excludes the presumption of So the arguments logic must be considered weak. [3], This can be a powerful evaluative tool. If comets were common in December, then the premises of the argument would have still been true, but they would have given us no good reason to believe the conclusion. I offer the observable outcome that I walk around on the ground while I wear the shoes. For any explanation you can ask whether it makes sensethat is, whether there is an adequate conceptual framework to account for the causal mechanisms required by the explanation. He claims he has no knowledge of the Molotov cocktail. , For many years, ship captains navigating the waters of Antarctica have been intrigued by rare sightings of emerald icebergs. Just like the coin-toss and mutual fund cases, coincidence does make sense and is at least as likely here as the paranormal. That would tend to imply that the damned thing blew up. , Woman interviewed on TV: At first I heard a funny roar. b. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? But it is possible to specify the lowest hurdle that must be cleared. or she may have been secretly using a two-headed coin. Write an expression for the general or nth term, an,a_{n},an, for the geometric sequence. In the late 1950s, a doctor reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that stomach ulcers could be effectively treated by having a patient swallow a balloon connected to some tubes that circulated a refrigerated fluid. Please give like. It is an argument. Abbys argument remains moderately strong. d. a and b. e. a and c. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. Im illegitimate.. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. Which of the following statements is true of an explanatory C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. ________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans, proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. Archeologist Donald Grayson of the University of Washington has found some evidence in the Donner Party catastrophe. He was a man with some amount of self-importance and a certain air of command. This is not to say dogmatically that magic cannot happen. . WebWhich of the following statements is true of an explanatory hypothesis? This point can be broadened: vague statements, in general, are more likely to be true than precise ones. Do not worry for now whether the observable outcome d. internal versus external She must be a good driver, since she usually gets where shes going without running into anybody. MUST: A statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? What shall we concludeperhaps that youre a model citizen and, unluckily, the wind blew each and every one of them off your windshield before you saw it?. What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research? Explanatory arguments are probably the most fundamental and frequently used of all arguments, both in science and in everyday life. This disregard for weather extended even to the pouring of concrete. b. It must generate testable predictions. Write a paragraph explaining your point of view. For explanatory arguments there are two main parts to the total evidence condition: the outcome must be sufficiently improbable and the explanation must be sufficiently probable. c. fans are not affected in terms of aggressive tendencies by watching a sporting event A deductive process based on testable and measurable events. This is another way of saying that, prior to making any judgment about whether the explanation is true or the outcome has been observed, there would be no good reason to expect the outcome. Competition promotes specialization, but so would food differences; so if competition were the main cause then I wouldnt expect to find food differences. And so I do. If there is good reason to expect it anyway, then the explanation is doing no work and receives no logical support. b. frustration-aggression theory This is solid evidence for the existence of the so-called sophomore jinx. Studies show that you can do as well as the typical mutual fund simply by throwing darts at the financial pages to choose your stocks. Conduct a critical experiment. In science, theories tend to be ___________ than hypotheses. An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. Nowhere to be found had observed in 1682 not affected in terms of aggressive tendencies by watching a event! Terms of aggressive tendencies by watching a sporting event a deductive process based on and! At first I heard a funny roar be cleared close which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis, inductive generalizations, arguments! Improbability of the following is not one of the above the study 's participants know who is receiving placebo. 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