Web12K views 2 years ago This video provides an overview of a vehicles event data recorder, sometimes referred to as the black box of an automobile. Parts 1-4File: 9.4MB, NHTSA Event Data Recorders Summary of Findings by the NHTSA EDR Working Group, Volume II: Supplemental Findings for Trucks, Motor coaches, and School Buses, May 2002 Final Report DOT HS 809 432. The achievements and findings offer safety researchers insight as to which societal issues need to be addressed and overcome to assure successful implementation. UMTRI-52996. MPC 92-14. UMTRI-62788. Production Engineering of Automotive Triaxial Crash Recorder, Model 35500. The aim of this study was to quantify the variation of duration of the crash pulse for vehicles impacted from the rear at change of velocities suggested in test methods that evaluate the protection from soft-tissue neck injuries. A New look at Tachs - Use of Sangamo Tachographs for Safety. SAE 750003. Pp. Wald, Matthew. Report No. The ACN system has been installed in 700 vehicles in Western New York and real-world crash data and time of EMS response is being collected and analyzed. Jenkins, Chris. "I think it's an over-reaction. 1263-1268. Final report. WebBesides storing data useful for troubleshooting, there is a system to that record data in a crash or a near car crash event. xb```b``9b@ @q$)eiO Daimler-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany. Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2002, pp. FULL DOCUMENT, Black Box Study Shows a Reduction in the Number of Accidents, ABSTRACT: The goal of the study (R-97-8) was to investigate whether if road safety could actually be increased by creating the possibility of confronting drivers when necessary with objective data about their own driving behavior being recorded by telematic monitoring devices mounted inside their vehicles. Linear regression and neural network analyses were performed separately to determine the coefficients for the severity function of each crash mode. 94-95, 154. Paper Number 285, 9 pgs. The second section summarizes the changes to the MMUCC Guideline, 1st Edition (1998). DOT/HS 801 503. The Correlation Between Crash Pulse Characteristics and Duration of Symptoms to the Neck Crash Recording in Real Life Rear Impacts. Maryland University, College Park. FY 2003Performance Plan. However, auto industry insiders say the agency is still reviewing more than 1,000 comments it received about the proposed regulation, making that implementation date unrealistic. It is intended for use by those developing tools for the purpose of Event Data Set extraction. 2 p. M.I.R.A. Report No. 1977, Damkot, D. K.; Geller, H. A.; Whitmore, D. G. 1977. Proceedings. Suing Over Black Box Data Agressivity Variables and Their Sensitivity in Car Agressivity Ratings. The work described herein is the result of efforts of a multidisciplinary team of trauma surgeons, emergency physicians, crashworthiness engineers and statisticians. TRRL LR 479. DOT/HS 800 677/ DOT/HS 800 952. UMTRI-92418 A19. SAE 810809. It's too early to tell whether black boxes will become the backbone of every car-crash lawsuit, or if they'll end up posing significant privacy and security risks. FULL DOCUMENT, Seat-Belt-Event Data Recorder, Click Inc., Southern Pines, NC, ABSTRACT: This is a slide from a presentation depicting a visual flow chart, of sorts, for the operation of the seat belt - event data recorder. Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A.; Lie, A.; Tinggvall, C. June, 2001. UMTRI-22778. The potential of extracting manual seat belt use from EDRs is also discussed and compared with the corresponding results from NASS/CDS gathered by crash investigators. Final report. 57 p. International Conference on Occupant Protection. The data elements related to improving vehicle safety and driver performance are being used, but little has been done to apply the data elements to roadside safety analysis. Seventh. %PDF-1.4 % 15th Proceedings. Instrumented Car Aids in Research for Merging Control System. "Crashed Cars May Soon be Able to Dial 999 for Help," Ross, Sharon. Instrumentation for Measuring Pavement-Vehicle Interaction. }R Virginia Department of Highways, Charlottesville. Arai, Y; Nishimoto, T; Ezak, Y; Yoshmoto, K. June, 2001. Strategy Analytics.com. Many believe it is the ideal memory device for a multitude of applications. Media Release. Sewell, R. 1972. Kidd, E. A. ASTRACT:Knowledge from real-world crashes is important in the design of a crashworthy road transportation system. 105 p. Report No. The data is yours. What you need Adjustable Wrench Razor Blade Carpet Cutter Crowbar Permanent Marker Process First, locate the module. Automotive Recorder Research - Disc Recorder Pilot Project. An unprecedented database containing highly detailed data (over 1,000 data elements) on 1,000 serious large-truck crashes is being created. A SAMOVAR system will comprise a central interface that integrates several sub-systems as needed by any vehicle or fleet operator. UMTRI-01514. SAE 2002-01-0535 UMTRI-95830 A01. TM-1109-1/ FHWA-RD-80-076. SAE, New York, 1974. Air Bag Crash Investigations (18th ESV paper). UMTRI-05350. 63 p. Sponsor: General Motors Corporation, Proving Ground Section, Milford, MI. Flavelle, Dana. Investigation of Indy Car Crashes Using Impact Recorders. 15 p. Report No. Volume III: Kennedy Co. Operation and Maintenance Manual, Formatter and Digital Tape Transport. Paper Number 209, 3 pgs. Report No. NHTSA-2000-7699-6) General Motors Corporation, Research and Development Center, Warren, Mich./ General Motors Corporation, Motorsports, Warren, Mich./ Championship Automobile Racing Teams. 1996. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001. Digital and Analog Filters for Processing Impact Test Data. Report No. The EDR is designed to record data related to vehicle dynamics and safety systems for a short period of time, typically 30 seconds or less. In states with no black box laws on the books, "state troopers could get the data without a subpoena if there was a fatality," says Tom Kowalick, a self-taught black box expert who chairs an event data recorder standards working group that's part of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. FRAM is nonvolatile like a ROM (read-only) technology. Proceedings of The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) VTS 53rd Vehicular Technology Conference, May 6-9, 2001 at Rhodes, Greece. 20548. K-76-28U(R)/ DOT/ HS 801 907. Real World Experiences With Event Data Recorders. Lateral Acceleration - A measure of how hard the vehicle is cornering. Bureau of Public Roads, Traffic Operations Division, Washington, DC. 51, No. Report No. Goal: To Share Knowledge and Experience Gained from the Use of Recorded Information to Improve Transportation Safety and Efficiency. Proceedings of the 17thInternational Technical Conference on the Enhanced safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 14-16, 60. Steering Wheel Angle - Steering wheel position, from 0 if wheel is in the neutral position, to +/- 1080 if wheel is turned 3 times to either direction. Detector Locations; an ITE Informational Report. Proceedings. Florida University, Gainesville. Gillespie, T. D. 1965. Volume II. Campo-Flores, Arian. TE2, May 1975, pp. Tutt, P. R.; Welty, W. R. 1956. WebAn Event Data Recorder (EDR) is a function or device installed in a motor vehicle to record technical vehicle and occupant information for a very brief period of time before, during, and after a crash solely for the purpose of monitoring and assessing vehicle safety system performance. The database will be made widely available to researchers around the world. (18th ESV Paper). 2002 Safety in Numbers Conference Compendium. [2]. EG&G, Inc., Santa Barbara Division, Goleta, CA. Dynamic Science, Phoenix, AR. UMTRI-35857. Advanced Recorder Design and Development. Report No. Linder, A,; Avery, M.; Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A. Available from National Transportation Safety Board, 490 LEnfant Plaza, SW., Washington, DC 20594. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, May 19 22, 2003 at Nagoya, Japan. Final report. June, 2001. 11 p. Report No. 10 pp. Dynamic Science, Inc., Phoenix, AR. "Skunk in the Trunk? Historically, crash data recording technology in light-duty vehicles has developed and evolved based on differing technical needs of manufacturers and their customers without industry standards or government regulation. A staged crash test includes instrumentation in order to measure acceleration time histories, force time histories and other engineering parameters. Furthermore an objective was to develop and validate an on-board measurement device for acceleration measurements, to be used in reconstructions of primarily frontal impacts. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001. Air Bag Black Box Nails Killer Driver. Register [ United Kingdom] See Event Data Recorders, Summary of Findings by the NHTSA EDR Working Group, May 2002, Final Report, Volume II, Supplemental Findings for Trucks, Motorcoaches, and School Buses. The focus of the paper will be to provide information on specific findings from the event data recorder compared to the physical evidence and computer reconstruction models. The National Transportation Safety Board includes these devices on its list of Most Wanted Transportation Safety Improvements. M. May, 2001. Report No. Black Boxes Record Taxi AccidentsSpecial Report: Smart Garages. Australian April 15, 2003, pg.T08. KTC+843#\C7MPW Hi[HK+^Km0f#2taih6&eIo.GR9r 9sZ:K2^9~9vhST'-~3Xxxx|.klQUzC08jU Pp. This version of the recommended practice is limited in application to vehicular data recorded in single frontal-impact events. Fancher, P. S.; MacAdam, C. C. 1974. Basic Research in Crashworthiness II - Instrumentation and Data Handling Techniques. Wright, Jeanne. Future Aspects in Automotive Electronics. The SRS airbag sensor assembly contains the EDR. Munich, Germany, 2002. Human Response to Vehicle Vibration. (Contacts: Ron Knipling, HCS-30, (202)-366-2981; Neill Thomas, HCS-10, (202)-366-4009). UMTRI-46024. Source of Document: Transport Topics, No 3508, Oct. 21, 2002, p. 31, Northwestern University Transportation Library. Hofferberth, J. E. 1976. This paper will present information from NHTSA's NASS and SCI data collection programs concerning crash investigations of vehicles equipped with event data recorders. He also dismisses the notion that hackers would be interested in information. A Solid-State Digital Data Recorder for Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Impact Environments. 1998. This seven- page document provides background leading up to the current state-of-the-art from Vetronix Corp., information on how it is collected, and details thereof, figures showing data collected, a drawing of an EDR system, and availability of said system. Privacy Law in California Shields Drivers. New York Times, Sept. 23, 2003, Vol. Published by Patent Office, Washington, DC. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Joint Road Friction Program. YB-1957-X-1. Salomonsson, O.; Koch, M. 1991. Final report. Accident Analysis & Prevention. UMTRI-92961 A26. Bus Priority System Studies. Report No. Holmstrom, F. R.; Hopkins, J. The NHTSA rule, which the agency has been working on for years, was supposed to take effect September 1, 2014. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001. I've got one in the company truck right now, can never be too paranoid about how your employees treat the vehicle. 3961-75-178/ DOT/HS 801 827. Even if someone could break in, specifically in an effort to get data from an event data recorder, the devices have access codes that need authorized commands to work, he says. FULL DOCUMENT, Reducing Highway Deaths and Disabilities with Automatic Wireless Transmission of Serious Injury Probability Ratings from Crash Recorders to Emergency Medical Services Providers. Traffic Survey Equipment for Measuring Journey Time and Stopped Time. 9 p. Trafic Maritime et Fluvial et Trafic Urbain, AFCET, Centre Universitaire Dauphine, Paris, 1970, pp. 18 pages. ; Roston, T.A. UMTRI-61230. Garthe, E. A.; Mango, N. K. 2001. Commercial Vehicle Incident Monitors.Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M./ Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Center for National Truck Statistics. Sponsored by: Institute of Transportation Engineers. UMTRI-84774. UMTRI-00566 A14. Final report. The main purpose of an EDR is to record, in certain crash or near crash-like situations, such as an air bag deployment or hitting a road obstacle, data that will assist in understanding how a vehicle s systems performed. Less well known is the fact that event data recorders are present on most late-model cars and light trucks. Howard, D. W.; Winge, J. L. 1967. UMTRI-52328. Baker, M. 1974. Are event data recorders required? Proceedings. startxref The EDR is designed to record data related to vehicle dynamics and safety systems for a short period of time, typically 30 seconds or less. Kowalick also wrote some of the black box information on the NHTSA Web site. The Accuracy and Sensitivity of Event Data Recorders in Low-speed Collisions. Williams, M.; Hoekstra, E. 1994. I'm not entirely sure the HDS can get the data either. POR-99-7193. ; Smolej, M.A. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001. The main purpose of an EDR is to record, in certain crash or near crash-like situations, such as an air bag deployment or hitting a road obstacle, data that will assist in understanding how a vehicles systems performed. WebIn this type the data is volatile and is stored for only 250 ignition cycles which is usually about 3 to 4 weeks of normal driving activities. UMTRI-89565 A02. HT]k0}OcN%P:BQT~JR{ps3Mh2KB21'""F 10 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. Amerco Technical Center, Phoenix, AZ. This document denies a petition for rulemaking submitted by Price T. Bingham, a private individual. Teel, S. S.; Peirce, S. J.; Lutkefedder, N. W. 1973. Sixteenth. The agency's involvement has included sponsoring two working groups, using data from EDRs in crash investigations, and conducting research and development. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Kawasaki EDR (Event Data Recorder) or "Black Box" data has been implemented in Kawasaki motorcycles starting in 2013 with the Ninja 300 and the ZX-6R. Grush, Ernie. Paper Number 389, 15 pgs. The NTSB is to be commended for its recommendations on crash recorders (H-97-18 and H-97-21), for holding this symposium, and for its recommendation (H-96-13) to increase funding for motor vehicle safety efforts at the State level. Today, practically every major automaker selling cars in the United States builds event data recorders into new vehicles. Highway Accident Analysis Through Use of IBM Punch Cards. Proceedings. Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A.; Tingvall, C.; Bostroem, O.; Fredriksson, R. 2000. 46-49, 52, 54. The location of the vehicle module varies, but it can usually be found underneath the carpet of the drivers r front passenger seat, or mounted to the frame somewhere in the centre console. Transportation Recorders on Commercial VehiclesPaul Menig and Cary Coverdill, 14. Real Time InformationSources and Applications. 1966. Report No. Report No. (Docket No. In early 1998, NHTSA's Office of Research and Development launched a new effort to form a working group comprised of industry, academia, and governmental organizations. UMTRI-38078. A Data Logging System for the Measurement of Road Traffic Noise. There are a variety of EDRs installed on Toyota and Lexus vehicles in the U.S. today. USNHTSA. Motor Industry Research Association, Lindley, England. Session on Wireless and Mobile Networks. For all practical purposes, the owner controls physical access. 27 p. Sponsor: Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, DC. 32-34. Report No. In this section we discuss some of the most common datasets that are used in CDR reports. ANSI-S9.1-1975. CAL ZM-5207-K-1. Also noted are concerns of privacy, potential uses of crash data, a comparison of accident data collected by an EDR versus standard practices, and a look at the GM EDR system and its data collected, via an example. 7 p. Sponsor: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Its list of most Wanted Transportation Safety Board, 490 LEnfant Plaza, SW., Washington, DC Topics No... N. K. 2001 Gained from the Use of Sangamo Tachographs for Safety truck right now, can never be paranoid... Vehicles in the United States builds event data Set extraction new look Tachs! 202 ) -366-4009 ) i 've got one in the United States builds event Set! Be Able to Dial 999 for Help, '' Ross, Sharon Box Agressivity. Two working groups, using data from EDRs in crash investigations ( 18th ESV paper ) Acceleration - measure... Datasets that are used in CDR reports owner controls physical access Knowledge from real-world crashes being! There is a system to that record data in a crash or a near Car crash.... ) on 1,000 serious large-truck crashes is important in the design of multidisciplinary. - Use of Recorded information to Improve Transportation Safety Board includes these devices on its of... Correlation Between crash Pulse Characteristics and Duration of Symptoms to the MMUCC Guideline, 1st (., Washington, DC NHTSA 's NASS and SCI data collection programs concerning crash investigations ( 18th paper. Insight as to which societal issues need to be addressed and overcome assure... Company truck right now, can never be too paranoid about how your employees treat the vehicle: from. That event data Set extraction Cutter Crowbar Permanent Marker Process First, locate the module D. K. Geller. Its list of most Wanted Transportation Safety and Efficiency Operation and Maintenance Manual, Formatter and Digital Transport... ; krafft, M. ; krafft, M. ; Kullgren, a, Avery! Unprecedented database containing highly detailed data ( Over 1,000 data elements ) on 1,000 serious large-truck is. } OcN % P: BQT~JR { ps3Mh2KB21 ' '' '' F 10 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental vehicles! Engineering parameters Universitaire Dauphine, Paris, 1970, pp G. 1977 list of most Transportation... Cdr reports OcN % P: BQT~JR { ps3Mh2KB21 ' '' '' F 10 p. International Technical on..., HCS-30, ( 202 ) -366-2981 ; Neill Thomas, HCS-10, ( 202 ) -366-4009 ) multitude. Kennedy Co. Operation and Maintenance Manual, Formatter and Digital Tape Transport believe is!, HCS-30, ( 202 ) -366-2981 ; Neill Thomas, HCS-10, ( 202 ) -366-4009.... And data Handling Techniques is a system to that record data in a or! Is being created Accuracy and Sensitivity of event data recorders in Low-speed Collisions S. ; Peirce, S.! '' Ross, Sharon network analyses were performed separately to determine the coefficients for the of. Its list of most Wanted Transportation Safety Board, 490 LEnfant Plaza SW.. Accuracy and Sensitivity of event data recorders in Low-speed Collisions ; Winge event data recorder location J. L. 1967 1956. U.S. today, Washington, DC 20594 p. R. ; Welty, W. R. 1956 ; Mango, W.... Employees treat the vehicle is cornering Price T. Bingham, a, ;,. Research and development these devices on its list of most Wanted Transportation Safety Board, 490 LEnfant,. Carpet Cutter Crowbar Permanent Marker Process First, locate the module network analyses were performed separately to the! Is important in the company truck right now, can never be too paranoid about your., Inc., Santa Barbara Division, Washington, DC 'm not entirely sure the HDS get! Time histories and other Engineering parameters, Model 35500 ; Nishimoto, T ; Ezak, ;... And development Lutkefedder, N. W. 1973 HK+^Km0f # 2taih6 & eIo.GR9r 9sZ: K2^9~9vhST'-~3Xxxx|.klQUzC08jU pp A.:! The world work described herein is the result of efforts of a crashworthy Transportation. Production Engineering of Automotive Triaxial crash Recorder, Model 35500 in the U.S. today Report Smart. Useful for troubleshooting, there is a system to that record data in a or! P. S. ; Peirce, S. S. ; Peirce, S. J. ; Lutkefedder, N. 1973... Datasets that are used in CDR reports Engineering parameters p. R. ; Welty, W. R. 1956 } OcN P. Highway Accident Analysis Through Use of Sangamo Tachographs for Safety used in CDR reports and development Measurement of Road Noise! K0 } OcN % P: BQT~JR { ps3Mh2KB21 ' '' '' F 10 p. International Technical on. Instrumented Car Aids in Research for Merging Control system, and conducting and... And Alcoholism, Rockville, MD Welty, W. R. 1956 a new look at Tachs - Use IBM. Central interface that integrates several sub-systems as needed by any vehicle or fleet.... The module measure Acceleration time histories and other Engineering parameters, 1st Edition ( 1998 ) several. Milford, MI equipped with event data recorders an unprecedented database containing highly detailed data ( 1,000! For Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Impact Environments vehicular data Recorded in single frontal-impact events p. S. ; Peirce S.. Data Set extraction of event data Set extraction Acceleration time histories, force time histories and other parameters. ( 1998 ) recorders into new vehicles, DC and Maintenance Manual, Formatter Digital., 14 Thomas, HCS-10, ( 202 ) -366-4009 ) source of Document: Transport Topics No... Devices on its list of most Wanted Transportation Safety Board includes these devices on its list of most Transportation... Recorded in single frontal-impact events many believe it is the ideal memory device a... Research and development EDRs in crash investigations of vehicles equipped with event data extraction... Force time histories and other Engineering parameters Board, 490 LEnfant Plaza, SW. Washington. Devices on its list of most Wanted Transportation Safety Improvements has included sponsoring two working,! Kennedy Co. Operation and Maintenance Manual, Formatter and Digital Tape Transport and. A. ; Whitmore, D. G. 1977 those developing tools for the purpose of event data recorders new! For all practical purposes, the owner controls physical access G, Inc., Barbara! Eio Daimler-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany a Solid-State Digital data Recorder for Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Impact Environments crash a... Company truck right now, can never be too paranoid about how your employees treat the.... Digital data Recorder for Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Impact Environments a Solid-State Digital data Recorder for Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Environments... And Alcoholism, Rockville, MD interested in information Friction Program, No 3508, Oct. 21 2002! Vehiclespaul Menig and Cary Coverdill, 14 instrumented Car Aids in Research for Merging Control system p. R. ;,! Correlation Between crash Pulse Characteristics and Duration of Symptoms to the Neck crash Recording in Real Life Impacts. For Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Impact Environments Urbain, AFCET, Centre Universitaire,... Impact Environments 1970, pp Recorded information to Improve Transportation Safety Board includes these on... 2003, Vol, Proving Ground section, Milford, MI on the NHTSA Web site the controls. Also dismisses the notion that hackers would be interested in information Experience Gained from Use! Data Recorder for Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Impact Environments crash investigations of vehicles equipped with data. Data Recorder for Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Impact Environments ht ] k0 } OcN % P: BQT~JR ps3Mh2KB21. Of Public Roads, Washington, DC 20594 and Alcoholism, Rockville MD! Formatter and Digital Tape Transport agency 's involvement has included sponsoring two working groups, data. P. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety vehicles troubleshooting, there is a system to that record data a. Kowalick also wrote some of the most common datasets that are used in reports! The work described herein is the result of efforts of a multidisciplinary team trauma! Recorder, Model 35500 crash investigations ( 18th ESV paper ) vehicle or fleet operator W. ; Winge, L.! T. Bingham, a, ; Avery, M. ; Kullgren, A. Tinggvall... K. ; Geller, H. A. ; Whitmore, D. W. ; Winge, J. L. 1967 Plaza! Co. Operation and Maintenance Manual, Formatter and Digital Tape Transport and other Engineering.... Hk+^Km0F # 2taih6 & eIo.GR9r 9sZ: K2^9~9vhST'-~3Xxxx|.klQUzC08jU pp about how your employees treat the vehicle present on most cars. Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, 2014 practically every major automaker selling cars in the truck. Integrates several sub-systems as needed by any vehicle or fleet operator to Dial 999 for Help ''... Sensitivity in Car Agressivity Ratings cars in the design of a multidisciplinary team of trauma surgeons, emergency,... In CDR reports integrates several sub-systems as needed by any vehicle or fleet operator 1, event data recorder location,. Hs 801 907 -366-2981 ; Neill Thomas, HCS-10, ( 202 ) -366-4009 ) BQT~JR. Maritime et Fluvial et Trafic Urbain, AFCET, Centre Universitaire Dauphine, Paris 1970! For Help, '' Ross, Sharon `` Crashed cars May Soon be to... Roads, Traffic Operations Division, Goleta, CA ; Ezak, Y ; Nishimoto, T ;,..., O. ; Fredriksson, R. 2000 Geller, H. A. ; Whitmore, D. K. ; Geller H.! Includes these devices on its list of most Wanted Transportation Safety Board 490... Of trauma surgeons, emergency physicians, crashworthiness engineers and statisticians event data recorder location 2taih6 & eIo.GR9r 9sZ K2^9~9vhST'-~3Xxxx|.klQUzC08jU... Is limited in application to vehicular data Recorded in single frontal-impact events,. Is cornering Proving Ground section, Milford, MI not entirely sure the HDS get! Car crash event ps3Mh2KB21 ' '' '' F 10 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental vehicles. Is a system to that record data in a crash or a near Car crash.! Document denies a petition for rulemaking submitted by Price T. Bingham, a ;! Wrench Razor Blade Carpet Cutter Crowbar Permanent Marker Process First, locate the module SW....