Robert wrote a later memoir, An Execution in the Family: One Son's Journey (2003). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Okay, I am a spy, but my wife isnt? As a young attorney in 1951, Cohn pushed for the execution of Meeropol's grandparents Julius and Ethel Rosenberg on espionage charges. The case against Ethel in particular was rather . Espionage Act of 1917. The Soviet Union secretly conducted its first atomic weapons test on August 29, 1949. On August 17, the grand jury returned an indictment alleging 11 overt acts. Do not let this crime against humanity take place. Agent Plays Down Atomic Role Of Rosenbergs", "The September 21, 1944 cable: The Rosenbergs and the Greenglasses", "In This True-Life Spy Story, It's America vs. Russia, the Early Years", "Grasping at Straws to Try to Exonerate Ethel Rosenberg", "Why Ethel Rosenberg Should Not Be Exonerated", "Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America", "David Greenglass, the Brother Who Doomed Ethel Rosenberg, Dies at 92", "Witness Changed Her Story During Rosenberg Spy Case", "For First Time, Figure in Rosenberg Case Admits Spying for Soviets", "Father Was a Spy, Sons Conclude With Regret", "My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act", "The Meeropol Brothers: Exonerate Our Mother, Ethel Rosenberg", "The Meeropol brothers: Exonerate our mother, Ethel Rosenberg", "The Rosenberg boys: The Cold War's most famous orphans", "Sen. Warren joins call for Ethel Rosenberg's exoneration", "Warren, Neal ask Obama to consider pardoning Ethel Rosenberg" (, "Flashback: Hear Bob Dylan's Lost 1983 Song 'Julius and Ethel', "Billy Joel We Didn't Start the Fire Lyrics", "David Greenglass grand jury testimony transcript", "Secret Grand Jury Testimony From Ethel Rosenberg's Brother Is Released", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Guide to the Playscript about the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Espionage Trial, An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive. The documents were not declassified until 1995. In June 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage under the U.S. Venona documentsproved that Julius Rosenberg helped lead a productive ring of Soviet spies. The request was denied. In 1933, in his early teens, he became politically inflamed after hearing a street corner orator talk about Tom Mooney, a San Francisco labor leader who, said the speaker, had been unjustly . [62] Ethel did not have a codename,[24] however, KGB messages which were contained in the Venona project's Vassiliev files, and which were not made public until 2009,[63][64] revealed that both Ethel and Julius had regular contact with at least two KGB agents and were active in recruiting not only Ethel's brother David Greenglass, but also another Manhattan Project spy named Russell McNutt. Both refused to admit any wrongdoing and proclaimed their innocence right up to the time of their deaths, by the electric chair. They claim:The Greenglasses lies were necessary to obtain Ethels conviction; the K.G.B. He said they had urged the death sentence for Ethel in an effort to extract a full confession from Julius. At one point in the biography, Michael, then not yet 10, recalls playing word games with his father, including Hangman. In 2008, the transcripts of 43 out of 46 witness testimonies before the grand jury were released, including Ruths testimony. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. Between the trial and the executions, there were widespread protests and claims of antisemitism; the charges of antisemitism were widely believed abroad[citation needed], but not among the vast majority in the United States. In the early 1930s, Ethel became a member of the Young Communist League. They were both found guilty of the crimes of espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union. Anne Sebbas biography of Ethel Rosenberg, a book five years in the research and writing, has just been published. They were orphaned by the executions and were not adopted by their many aunts or uncles, although they initially spent time under the care of their grandmothers and in a children's home. Despite some public outrage and failed appeals, the Rosenbergs were executed by electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on June 19, 1953. Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 June 19, 1953) and Ethel Rosenberg (ne Greenglass; September 28, 1915 June 19, 1953) were an American couple who spied for the Soviet Union. He claimed that he was kidnapped by members of the Mexican secret police and driven to the U.S. border, where he was arrested by U.S. When questioned, Greenglass admitted to spying. (. Or he could have thought, if I admit I am a spy, I will have to name names? Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. The race, held at the Indianapolis Motor read more, On June 19, 1917, during the third year of World War I, Britains King George V orders the British royal family to dispense with the use of German titles and surnames, changing the surname of his own family, the decidedly Germanic Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, to Windsor. David originally had said that he had passed the atomic data he had collected to Julius on a New York street corner. In the intervening decades, it has since been conclusively proved that David Greenglass committed perjury against his own sister. But at the trial, she testified that Ethel Rosenberg typed up notes about the atomic bomb. Description Following World War II, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States . But they would have been better advised to have said straight up, yes we are communists, but no, we are not spies.. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The subsequent trial of the Rosenbergs made news all over the world. In 1861, the liberal Mexican Benito Juarez became president of a country in financial read more, In Music Fund Hall in Philadelphia, the first national convention of the Republican Party, founded two years before, comes to its conclusion. In 1951, Julius and his wife Ethel were tried and convicted of espionage for providing the Soviet Union with classified information. Sobell and Julius Rosenberg, classmates together in college, dedicated themselves to the cause of Communism. [19], Another conspirator, Morton Sobell, fled with his family to Mexico City after Greenglass was arrested. Du Bois wrote a poem titled "The Rosenbergs", which began "Crucify us, Vengeance of God, as we crucify two more Jews" and ended "Who has been crowned on yonder stair? In 1951, Julius and his wife Ethel were tried and convicted of espionage for providing the Soviet Union with classified information. In early 1953, he wrote a letter to President Eisenhower, requesting that Ethel and Julius sentences be commuted to prison. Or was he more likely to get off by pleading innocence for both of them? He said, "I frankly think my wife did the typing, but I don't remember. He also said that he believed Ethel Rosenberg was aware of her husband's deeds, but took no part in them. READ MORE: Why Were the Rosenbergs Executed? They could not be charged for treason since the U.S. was not at war with the USSR. "Plain, deliberate, contemplated murder is dwarfed in. She also interviewed both Michael and Robby, the Rosenbergs sons, now in their 70s. They provided top-secret information about American radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. [10], According to a 2001 book by his former handler Alexander Feklisov, Rosenberg was originally recruited to spy for the interior ministry of the Soviet Union, NKVD, on Labor Day 1942 by former spymaster Semyon Semyonov. A worldwide campaign for mercy failed, and the Rosenbergs were executed in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. David Greenglass received a 15 year prison sentence and was released in 1960. They were executed in 1953. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding fifty thousand and who knows how many millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason.. [63][65][64] Though the public release of Vassiliev's notebooks did not occur until 2009, the notebooks had in fact been originally intercepted during the Venona decryptions. On Solidarity Day, over 50,000 people flock to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. to protest, sing, hear speeches and demonstrate on behalf of national read more, Chinese American Vincent Chin, 27, is beaten in the head with a baseball bat by two white autoworkers in Detroiton June 19, 1982. John Charles Fremont of California, the famous explorer of the West, was nominated for the presidency, and William Lewis Dayton of New read more, On June 19, 1944, in what would become known as the Marianas Turkey Shoot, U.S. carrier-based fighters decimate the Japanese Fleet with only a minimum of losses in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. But this testimony was not shown to lawyers during the Rosenbergs trial. O n June 19, 1953, Ethel Rosenberg was electrocuted, having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union. In 1939, he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering. Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 - June 19, 1953) and Ethel Rosenberg ( ne Greenglass; September 28, 1915 - June 19, 1953) were an American couple who spied for the Soviet Union. He provided classified documents and led an espionage network within the Manhattan Project, recruiting spies, most notably Russell McNutt and Ethels brother,David Greenglass, along with his wifeRuth. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were buried at Wellwood Cemetery, a Jewish cemetery in Pinelawn, New York. She was viewed as a co-conspirator and never indicted. The American Civil Liberties Union refused to acknowledge any violations of civil liberties in the case. Greenglass, who himself had confessed to providing nuclear secrets to the Soviets through an intermediary, testified against his sister and brother-in-law in court. did not give her a code name, and evidently did not consider her a spy; and the prosecutions strategy was to use Ethel to coerce her husband to confession.. "[70], He said that he thought the hand-drawn diagrams and other atomic-bomb details that were acquired by David Greenglass and passed to Julius were of "little value" to the Soviet Union, and were used only to corroborate what they had already learned from the other atomic spies. [58] According to Alexander Feklisov, the former Soviet agent who was Julius's contact, the Rosenbergs did not provide the Soviet Union with any useful material about the atomic bomb: "He [Julius] didn't understand anything about the atomic bomb and he couldn't help us. Many Americans who were politically left-wing believed the Rosenbergs were persecuted solely for their past involvement with the Communist Party. forces. [41] Cinema artists such as Fritz Lang registered their protest. Corrections? She was absolutely judged for her appearance, Sebba says. The Rosenbergs were implicated by David Greenglass, Ethels younger brother and a former army sergeant and machinist at Los Alamos, the secret atomic bomb lab in New Mexico. They married in 1939. Explains that one of the most famous cases of spies was the case of ethel and julius rosenberg, who were minor activists in the american communist party and convicted of being communists. [18][19], On July 17, 1950, Julius Rosenberg was arrested on suspicion of espionage[20] based on David Greenglass's confession. [35], Across the world, especially in Western European capitals, there were numerous protests with picketing and demonstrations in favor of the Rosenbergs, along with editorials in otherwise pro-American newspapers, and a plea for clemency from the Pope. Author of. Files Show About Ethel Rosenberg", "The New York Times Gets Greenglass Wrong", "Greenglass, in Prison, Vows to Kin He Told Truth about Rosenbergs", "National Archives of the United States of America", "Rosenberg Atomic Espionage Spy Case Chronology", "The Rosenbergs were executed for spying in 1953. She and David met in the YCL, and married in 1942. Venona Documents from the National Security Archive. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. Some atomic scientists have claimed that the information David and Julius passed along would not have been of great importance to the USSR because it was incomplete and not very detailed. In 1940, Julius joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps as a civilian engineer. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, orig. Ethel and Julius denied all allegations of espionage, and refused to provide any names. A mix of June and 19th, Juneteenth has become a day to commemorate the end of slavery in America. How. He had been recruited to spy for the Soviet Union which was far from uncommon in those days and he subsequently passed on information about what was happening at Fort Monmouth. Robert Meeropol poses for a portrait at the Rosenberg Fund For Children in Easthampton, Massachusetts in 2016. Or Black Despair? "[59], The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program to decrypt messages transmitted by the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union. [73][24], After Morton Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their father had been involved in espionage, but said that whatever atomic bomb information he passed to the Russians was, at best, superfluous, that the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial misconduct, that their mother was convicted on flimsy evidence to place leverage on her husband, and that neither deserved the death penalty. 8/7/1950 David Greenglass witness testimony. [15] However, the head official of the Soviet nuclear project, Lavrentiy Beria, used foreign intelligence, which he did not trust by default, only as a third-party check, rather than giving it directly to the design teams, who he did not clear to know about the espionage efforts, and the development was indigenous; considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium that it could procure, it is difficult for scholars to judge accurately how much time was saved, if any. She was impassive in court, and poorly turned out, due to the fact they had very little money: Julius Rosenberg embarked upon espionage for his ideals, not for monetary reward. In 1949, the U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) discovered that Fuchs was a Soviet spy. They were accused of sending a rough sketch of the atomic bomb to Russia. [74], Michael's daughter, Ivy Meeropol, directed a 2004 documentary about her grandparents, Heir to an Execution, which was featured at the Sundance Film Festival. T he case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, the young Jewish American couple executed in June 1953 at the height of the cold war for allegedly passing atomic secrets to the Russians, has weighed . The Rosenbergs were small fry, but the government or the FBI or both were absolutely determined to make an example of them. Online Documents. And she was the mother of my children. The Rosenbergsaccused of participating in a complex plot to sell American atomic secrets to the Sovietswere arrested in the summer of 1950, Julius on July 17 and Ethel slightly less than one month later. Julius Rosenbergwas a key Soviet spy who passed along information to the Soviet Union and recruited Manhattan Project spies. Historian John Earl Hayness AHF Interview. On July 17, 1950 the FBI arrested Julius, and one month later Ethel was arrested. For two years the Rosenberg case was appealed through the courts and before world opinion. The three-year Rosenberg case culminated in their execution on Friday, 19 June, 1953, just minutes before the onset of the Jewish Sabbath. During the trial, both Ethel and Julius pleaded the Fifth Amendment when asked repeated questions related to espionage, and when questioned about being members of the Communist Party. [39] Einstein and Urey pleaded with President Truman to pardon the Rosenbergs. Feklisov learned through Rosenberg that Ethel's brother David Greenglass was working on the top-secret Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory; he directed Julius to recruit Greenglass. Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg were American citizens executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, relating to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. The Rosenbergs turned over this information to Harry Gold, a Swiss-born courier for the espionage ring, who then passed it to Anatoly A. Yakovlev, the Soviet Unions vice-consul in New York City. He admitted that he had given documents to the Soviet contact, but said these had to do with defensive radar and weaponry. Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the mother of two small sons when she was executed in New York in 1953. In August of 1950, a grand jury indicted the Rosenbergs for espionage. He was a physicist at Los Alamos, and a valuable source to the Soviets. Many Americans, however, believed that the Rosenbergs had been dealt with justly. Some scholars argue that if it would have been possible to use Venona documents in court, both Hall and McNutt would have been revealed as spies and prosecuted, along with Greenglass and Fuchs. The Rosenbergs were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage and brought to trial on March 6, 1951; Greenglass was the chief witness for the prosecution. Later, Ethels brother, Sgt. Perl contributed to the development of the first jet fighter in the U.S. Just ten days before the start of the Rosenbergs trial in February 1951, David Greenglass re-testified, and changed his original statements. Her husband, Julius, had been executed a short time before her. In contrast to the American media, European newspapers did not support the ruling, and there were some protests against it throughout Europe. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Some scholars believe thatRuth may have been the individual to type notes, due to her past involvement with the Communist Party, and conflicting statements made by David. (Sobell and Gold received 30-year prison terms, and Greenglass, who was tried separately, was sentenced to 15 years in prison.) "[67], He refused to express remorse for his decision to betray his sister, saying only that he did not realize that the prosecution would push for the death penalty. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg sitting in police van after being convicted of espionage. This collection provides interesting Agency insights on this post-WWII spy case. There are some conflicting assessments among historians regarding the outcome of the Rosenberg trial. They married three years later, and raised their two small sons in borderline poverty. FBI agents took her into custody as she left the courthouse. [13][14], The USSR and the U.S. were allies during World War II, but the Americans did not share information with, or seek assistance from, the Soviet Union regarding the Manhattan Project. Some scholars suggest that the chances of Ethel being executed would have been less likely had Venona documents been unclassified and used in the trial. 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