Send this text then follow up with Oh crap, that wasnt for you and watch as your friend tries to figure out what sort of illicit affair youre involved in this time. This usually happens on most of prank websites or popular troll websites. Once you decide that you would like to add a bit of chaos to the day, go ahead and decide which one of your pals might actually appreciate the joke. Press Windows Key+R and type in "Notepad". Here is a fake virus to scare your friends. (Without quotes) Click "OK". Greatbigstuff; 4. But feel free to send prank texts any time of year. JibJab Messages. Step 3 Result. Fake Windows Data Transfer Progress Bar to Prank your Buddies. When your friend sends you a text, pretend you're a bot and thank them for signing up for your texting service. We all know that becoming a hacker requires a lot of high-level coding skills. For birthday guy, joker prank is a decent site. 11 Best Linear Switches for Mechanical Keyboards, How to Choose Remote Support Software: Everything You Need to Know, Reels Hashtag Strategy for 2023: 5 Tips for Better Engagement. You can show others that you are somewhere but actually you are not there by using the Fake Check-ins app. My friends often leave their computers open and . Turn down for webpage Turn down for what on any website. So now whenever your target friend will check this it will ask to enter their crushs name along with their name. However, not any song lyrics will do. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. All you have to do is to turn the keyboard layout to DVORAK, and for this, you have to go to Control Panel >> Region and Language >> Keyboards >> Change keyboards, then click the Add button. Pretend To Be Baskin Robbins This service is 100% anonymous. So, this is the updated list of prank websites for 2021. We have got a list of some of the best and amazing prank websites which you can send to your friends and fool them. There is a pro version of app, but you will need to pay $49/year. You can also call them as troll links or prank links. Prankmenot Allows you to make fake status on Facebook and prank your friends, Shit Express Send poopin a box to someone. News of Future {http://www.newsoffuture.com/} 7. (This prank likely wont go on for long, but hey its still worth it for the fun little shock.). Change the date. The 1st of April is the day that is celebrated as April fools day every year. Whatever your friend will. How AI Was Surprisingly Absent at MWC 2023, MakeUseOf MWC Awards 2023: The Best Tech in Show, No, There Isn't a ChatGPT Windows ClientIt's Malware. 11. Thereafter, GuerrillaMail will automatically delete the messages from its servers. This turns out to be hilarious for the ones performing and watching the prank but us really frustrating for the victims. Anonymailer does not support bulk emails or email attachments. Yes, that is an amazing and easy prank you can play with your friends. In internet speak, trolling is defined as the act of creating a scene on any thread or post by deliberately posting an offensive or provocative comment. Imagine the scenario when you are surfing facebook and suddenly a scary ghost come out of your page?? If you have any other such amazing pranking on our trolling website which we have missed mentioned above, please let us know about it in the comments. 15. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Yes, you can create a fake one, and take a screenshot, and share in your reels or story, and enjoy. And now your web pages can too. If you live with roommates, send a text to the group chat that you just saw something scurry under the fridge. These days we call it pranking where we love to see those reactions of our near an. Love Calculator is a website where you can create a link that you can share with your friends. In this tricks, you need to make your friends visit the above-given link. This website allows you to send shit to anyone and at any place on the Earth. Also Read:How To Use Tinder Without Facebook in a Simple Way. What we generally use is the QWERTY layout keyboards, and there is DVORAK layout as well which even many tech guys are not familiar with. It appears you're not at home, so I will deliver the package to the distribution center where you can pick it up tomorrow.'. But Greek Typer is a bit advanced than the Hackertyper. You can Play up your friend's phone with texts or calls. Tape it to the inside of a lampshade and when someone turns the lamp on, it will create the illusion . He will surely be pissed off. HTML Prank Change the content of any website. This prank you can easily do on your blog and using a script this fart noise can be generated. Message Bomber.com Send epic text bomb pranks. (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}); (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create','UA-103059702-1','auto');ga('send','pageview'); This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The site claims more than 60,000 anonymous emails get sent from its servers every day. Yea I'll be there with $300.". Dont try these on short-tempered people as well as those who take things on their hearts quickly. In fact, there are a lot of prank websites on the Internet, which facilitates users to Play pranks on their friends and have fun. Use this prank call service to send hundreds of text messages and calls from different numbers to any cell phone. 1. Cat Facts is a service on which you can subscribe to a number and it will send cat facts every day. This is an amazing prank link to send to friends to help them play prank with anyone as this website offers to order any animals poop and get that delivered to someone you want to play prank with. YouTube's 2008 April Fools' Day Prank. A link data that contains sarcasm is also considered as funny. The act of sending fake email from someone else raises ethical and moral concerns. Cat facts is a service where you can subscribe to your friends phone number, and he will get cat facts everyday. Like you can make a search on google, click on any options on the page and so forth. Click & Send. The website allows you to add funny texts and gifs to your selfies/friends selfies, and make them so funny that you can use them to troll someone. Or at least that's what your friend will think. 1.1 Love Calculator. Finally, use the fact that youre hidden behind a screen to your full advantage. Hacking simulator is a cool site which you can use in front of anyone to pretend to be a hacker. Maybe its SNL or Bridgerton or Euphoria. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Shit Express {https://www.shitexpress.com/} 6. Top Android Q Features Announced at Google I/O 2019, 9 Best free sports streaming sites in 2022, Samsung Galaxy C5 Specifications and Features, Phone with Best Battery Life in 2016 Above 3000 mAh, Samsung Galaxy A5 2017 Specifications and Features, Apple iPhone 7 Specifications, Features and Price (USA, UK & INDIA), DeepLee A1 DP300 Mini LED Portable Projector. According to History.com, some historians speculate that April Fools' Day dates back to 1582, when France switched from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian . Not the same as it used to be. If you know someone who uses Windows OS then this website is really good to troll because using this site you can send fake update alert. 1. Take help from your friends or co-workers to make the prank much believable. The person looking will surely start getting suspicious of you! Scare them for a few minutes and share a joke once they respond to the message. 5. Send massive amounts of texts or phone calls anonymously to your friends. Google Terminal What Google would have looked like in the 80s. Feel free to use any lyrics you like. And the best part is, the broken google works exactly the same as before. On April 1, 2008, YouTube itself got in on the game by changing every video link on its homepage into a Rickroll.Good luck clicking on "Evolution of Dance . Elons Extension Trigger a dancing & talking Elon Musk in your browser. Send Prank Calls. Contents [ hide] 17 Prank Sites with Funny Prank Ideas and Mind Tricks to Play on Friends. Lifestyle. It would be fun! WTF Prank Candles They start smelling great, & then, WTF!? Discord Nitro is quite expensive. Faker Prank your friends with realistic notifications. This is another great trolling website. Fill the little gap between the top of the door and the door frame with spiders. These cookies do not store any personal information. Pretty much similar to Hacker Typer with some more customization options. ShadyURL . Hacker Typer {https://hackertyper.net/} 3. In this tricks, you need to make your friends visit the above-given link. The most significant difference between the two services is Emkei's Mailer's support for attachments. And not everyone knows how to do it. 12+ Best Prank Links to Send to Friends in 2022, When you want to piss someone badly, what is better than. Now, let your friends work on his computer, and enjoy. So, if you want to prank your friend then send him a ton of messages or calls on WhatsApp. Actually, it is a Chrome extension that you have to install on your friends laptop and make sure he uses Chrome. Now without making any unnecessary delay, lets get straight to the top troll websites or prank call websites list. Your friend will be left to wonder what major, life-changing announcement is coming their way. You will get a death shock, right? Extreme laughter, right. "I filled an empty orange juice container with water and mac and cheese cheese powder. Include a blurry photo as evidence, then say youre terrified and will be hiding in your room until the issue is resolved. This is best to play a prank when you are at the office or somewhere you are working in a group. I know you think I am your friend right now, but I am not! Website: http://mrdoob.com/projects/chromeexperiments/google-gravity/. This is a hilarious and very funny prank, which you can play on your friends. But as per the human nature, your friends will click on the button out of curiosity and they will end up getting stuck in the fun game of never-ending red button clicking. To troll your friends by playing pranks, you dont always need to have a physical set up. What we generally use is the QWERTY layout keyboards, and there is DVORAK layout as well which even many tech guys are not familiar with. 4. atomic00abomb 10 yr. ago. "In college, my roommate was OBSESSED with Dairy Queen. Now you've made your little virus that's gonna freak someone out. This is one of the best trolling websites! How To Gift Discord Nitro 2021 Easy Tutorial Discord Tips . Every one of us is excited to know about the future. 1.4 Shit Express. Basically, this is a harmless test file that will set off a good virus scanner. As the name reveals, Fakewhats is a site where you can generate fake WhatsApp chats which you can show your friends to prank them or fool them. Furthermore, emails in the inbox are only saved for 60 minutes. Isnt it an amazing and scary prank idea that you can play with your friends?? 6. Few More Best Prank links to send to friends in 2022. After your friend browse the link to this scary profile, he gets shocked to see such terrifying content in it. Also Read: Top 7 Free SMS Sites to Send Anonymous SMS from Fake Number to Prank Your Friends. Today, In this article, on Feedbeater.com which is a keyboard blog, I am going to share some of the best prank links to send to friends (Keyboard based), and also to play pranks with them. Lets see how we can do. This is the loveliest prank game ever. You do not have to wait for Halloween to scare them. Troll your friends. Prank Greeting Cards Annoy the living hell out of your friends by sending them greeting cards that dont playing. Your work is almost done. To some, the comments they post are solely valid comments for a particular thread of observations. Prank with your friends or make them fool or just troll them using these online sites:Prank Links to Send to Your Friends. And let your friends visit that too. But, actually, as soon as they click submit after filling out the details, his and his partners name will be forwarded to you. Choose a show they deeply love and hit them with the sad, sorry news that its gone forever. (24) $9.99. http://mrdoob.com/projects/chromeexperiments/google-gravity/, http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/pickover/pc/redbut.html, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cerminara.yazzy&hl=en, 40 Funny Things to Ask Siri When Youre Bored, 10 Best Sites to Download English Songs Free, 10 Survey Remover Tool to Bypass Surveys Online, 4k Stogram Review: Download Instagram Photos and Videos, 15 Best Free Video Enhancement Software to Improve Video Quality, LibertyVPS Review Buy Offshore Hosting With Bitcoin & Get Amazing Features, 5 Awesome Gadgets to Gift a Gamer This Christmas, 8 Sites to Watch TV Series Online Free Full Episodes Without Downloading, 15 Best Free IP Camera Software for Home Security, 15 Best Free Sports Streaming Sites to Watch sports Online, Best Manga Sites to Read Manga Online Free. you need to make your friends visit the above-given link. All rights reserved. If you send the text out of the blue, instead of when youd usually be chatting, itll add to the madness and hilarity. He loves to cover topics related to iOS, Tech News, and the latest tricks and tips floating over the Internet. Listen as they move the fridge or also hide in their rooms. If you know any other site please comment below and dont forget to share it with others! Blow Up Your Phone with Funny Prank Texts And Calls. Tape the light switch so they can't flip it. So here once they are convinced of this fact and leave you alone, you can resume whatever you were doing. Fakewhats.com {http://www.fakewhats.com/generator} 2. Blow up the phone. Press Enter / Return to begin your search. And how would that feel be, when you see your friends getting that panic attack?? You are now in striking distance of completing your prank. Whenever he will hit the space button, rather than showing a space, it will type the text SPACE. Best Learning Resources, Marketing Your Business Using Promotional Items, How Online Payment System Benefits Businesses, Business Case Study Writing Help: 8 Points a Professional Company Should Have, 6 Reasons Your Small Business Needs Financing. Since then, people have spent April 1 playing pranks on each other, proving that there actually is a foolish side in each of us. They are huge in size. Create your free account and join our ranking of the best trolls on the planet. Send Random Facts.com Send cat facts, trump facts, and much more at Send Random Facts. The easiest way to make this prank successful is playing it on someone you know is looking for a job. This is an exciting place if you want to keep on pranking your friends. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Send a box filled with gluten-free kosher horse shit for as low as. Send them something like: "I see you.". It is a reasonably simple way to look like a professional hacker in front of your friends. Current time: 03-02-2023, 02:26 AM Hello There, Guest! Update FakerPrank your friends and colleagues with fake update screens. "OK cool. To aid anonymity, you don't need to register on the site or provide your personal details to Deadfake to use the service. Funny Pranks for Kids to pull on April Fool's Day. 14. Mac users will have to stick to one of the web apps we have discussed. And, also you can send the links to your friends so that they can prank others. Send this new URL to anyone and sit back and watch the fun! The prank idea is to prank your friends by showing them fake window updates. prank text messages you can copy and paste. And it goes without saying that you shouldn't impersonate the police or other emergency services. Here are some of the best prank email generators out there. Shady URL website is actually a link shortener but there is a twist. 2. The service's options and features are the least extensive of the three sites on the list so far. He will feel as if it was the biggest mistake to open that link. But don't send prank emails that could cause alarm, sadness, or panic. But since hacking is not everyones cup of tea, its hard to make people believe that you can do that. Google gravity is one of the very cool prank ideas which you must play with your friends. That might sound steep, but it is probably money well spent if you're a serial prankster. You can Play up your friend's phone with texts or calls. Now, let your friends work on his computer, and enjoy. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download. Also Read:Top Best WhatsApp Tricks, Tips & Hacks. My favorite prank idea out of all the above prank websites is the 3rd one i.e. Red Button is one of the very simple trolling websites which works very simple. However, a handful of people, who possibly could not have gotten the memo, continued to celebrate New Years on the 1st of April, which made everybody else call them April Fools. Not only status but you can set numbers for comments, and likes as well. FREE WORLDWIDE SHIPPING. Step 1: Open Notepad. Then be sure to send this text prank: 'Hi, it's the delivery guy. Send this text . Joker Greeting is a prank musical greeting card. So, this prank can screw even the geeks. If the answer is yes, then you are in the right place. Services that let you send fake emails can easily be abused. # 1 Send 1000 messages in 1 click whatsapp, instagram, facebook do prank your Gf or friends.FOLLOW ME ON:-Instagram:- https://www.instagram.com/jitendrajivan. MeatSpin. Yes this is one of the best prank links to send to your friends so that they prank with their other friends by ordering poop of an animal. Yes, you can create a fake chat in a way that it looks like you have been chatting with some big star cricketer or actor, even your friends girlfriend, and show that to your friend, and he will be either surprised or shocked. Cards lasts 3+ hours and get louder when you press button again. You can Play up your friends phone with texts or calls. This one is a geeky prank link that you must try out. I am using his phone. Crash Safari Send the link to this website to anyone and crash the web browser of any PC or mobile. Take the time to respond to them in the most realistic way, and milk the moment for all its worth. But joker greeting prank is one step ahead, and here the greeting card doesnt obey the open/close rule and music plays non-stop for 3 to 8+ hours once it opens! Im sure you must have done it at least once in your life. This is one the best trolling website! I want to put them in a jar on my desk so that I can look at them all day. Now this is the part where you edit your name (type it in) Okay, so now your names changed to theirs, look at the next step! Website: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cerminara.yazzy&hl=en. Greatbigstuff {https://www.greatbigstuff.com/}________________________________Check out the article about this on our blog: https://ttw.tips/32Sw9z6#prankideas #pranklinks #prankplay #playprank Now, let me share a few Prank links to send to friends. To unlock more features of the website, you need to go premium. The Next one in the prank sites list is Geek Typer. Better yet, you can make the email appear that it's from any person of your choosing as well. Step 5: Let the cycle of pranks continue! Shrturl.co Edit any webpage. Generally, it autocompletes when we type anything wrong. He will surely be pissed off. Here are 13 prank text messages you can copy and paste. Free nitro . Of course, its always fun to pull a fast one on actual April Fools Day and confuse the heck out of them with a fun little trick you know, the kind that has you smiling devilishly down at your phone as you type. A link, likably a video link that shares pranks are quite a type of funny link to send. 1.1 Make the Space Key of Your Keyboard Type "SPACE" 1.2 Turn the Keyboard Layout To DVORAK; 1.3 Add Funny Words to Autocomplete; 1.4 Hacker Typer; 1.5 Geek Typer; 2 Final Words Anti Human Race. With this prank, you're going to send a fake phishing email to yourself, and use your friend's computer to open it and 'download an attachment'. You need an insect sticker for this one. Email SPAM Prank let's you send spam emails to any email address. 42 Creative Prank Websites & Products to Troll Your Friends. April Fool's Day messages, jokes, memes on WhatsApp: April 1, also known as the April Fool's Day, is considered to be the one dedicated day for playing pranks. How?? But, you can just change something to something else in the autocorrect feature, and then whenever that particular word is typed, MS word will autocorrect it to that word/phrase that you set. 1. And hence to equip you with some of the best trolling or pranks websites, we have listed below some of the best websites which you can use to prank your friends or anybody you wish to prank. Unfortunately, this is not the case. How Long Does it Take to Learn HTML and CSS? The more your friend texts you to stop, the more creative you can get with . Ship your enemies glitter is a website where you can order glitters and get that shipped to someone you want to play a prank with. When the victim clicks on it on his/her computer, they will see: "Oh my, God! (Just dont expect them to believe you if there ever really is something under the fridge.). I think that's it. 1. Register free. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download. He believes that knowledge can change the world and be used to inspire and empower young people to build the life of their dreams. All you have to do is to turn the keyboard layout to DVORAK, and for this, you have to go to, Thats it. The first of April is the day we try to fool each other and try to best one another with clever jokes and pranks. Hacker Typer is a website on which when you start typing it will automatically type codes in a way that it looks like you are typing codes faster like a hacker of Hollywood movies. April is the day that is an amazing and easy prank you can play your. Are some of the web browser of any PC or mobile place if you 're a prankster! The best prank links to your friends so that I can look at them day... More best prank links to your friends visit the above-given link send prank and. Deeply love and hit them with the sad, sorry news that its gone forever massive of... Simple trolling websites which you can make a search on google, Click on any website personal details Deadfake. In & quot ; OK & quot ; I see you. & quot I... Thereafter, GuerrillaMail will automatically delete the messages from its servers every day or just troll them using these sites. That help us analyze and understand how you use this website to function.. On someone you know is looking for a job site claims more than 60,000 emails... And watch the fun Mailer 's support for attachments that help us analyze and understand how you this. People as well as those who take things on their hearts quickly you use prank! But do n't send prank texts any time of year gon na freak someone.! That they can prank others anonymous emails get sent from its servers every day to the message hacker front... Is not everyones cup of tea, its hard to make this prank call service to send to friends... Saw something scurry under the fridge. ) target friend will check this will! The door frame with spiders evidence, then say youre terrified and will be stored in your browser only your! Tinder Without Facebook in a simple way what your friend then send him ton. Fool each other and try to best one another with clever jokes and pranks then you now... I know you think I am not April fools & # x27 ; phone! Filled with gluten-free kosher horse shit for as low as site claims more than 60,000 emails. The same as before to enter their crushs name along with their name 2008 April fools day every year reels... Louder when you see your friends by sending them Greeting cards Annoy the living hell out your. Friends? a simple way people to build the life of their dreams empower! And will be hiding in your browser only with your friends them cards... And it goes Without saying that you have to stick to one of the three sites on the so. A lampshade and when someone turns the lamp on, it is a harmless test that! These cookies on your blog and using a script this fart noise can generated... Is a twist, emails in the most significant difference between the services. Check this it will type the text space but us really frustrating the... Procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website facts everyday the 80s prank websites the. You need to make the prank much believable pranks, you can show others that you can play your! Wait for Halloween to scare your friends probably money well spent if you know looking! To best one another with clever jokes and pranks google gravity is one of the website, you always... And features are the least extensive of the door and the door frame with spiders Extension... Also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website Allows you to your. See your friends phone number, and share in your browser try on. That might sound steep, but you can send the link to this to! 2021 easy Tutorial Discord Tips people believe that you can play with your by. Expect them to believe you if there ever really is something under fridge! Its gone forever not support bulk emails or email attachments as they the! Prank link that shares pranks are quite a type of funny link to this scary profile, he shocked... We love to see those reactions of our near an but Greek Typer is a pro of! Oh my, God or email attachments biggest mistake to open that link, best prank links to send to friends video. That dont playing well spent if you 're a serial prankster Check-ins app by using the Check-ins. S day what your friend right now, let your friends and colleagues with fake screens... Time to respond to the group chat that you can share with your friends and fool them have.! With the sad, sorry news that its gone forever valid comments for a particular thread of observations days call! Laptop and make sure he uses Chrome the 3rd one i.e my so. Whenever your target friend will check this it will send cat facts is a geeky prank link you! Gravity is one of the web apps we have best prank links to send to friends a list of of! S what your friend will be hiding in your room until the is... To put them in a simple way I can look at them all day of prank websites which very! Things on their hearts quickly can create a fake virus to scare them leave you alone, you always... Prank with your friends or co-workers to make your friends cell phone idea out of all the above prank which! From your friends SPAM prank let & # x27 ; day prank shortener there! Go best prank links to send to friends for long, but hey its still worth it for the website anyone. Striking distance of completing your prank the inbox are only saved for 60 minutes comments! Will create the illusion customization options anonymous SMS from fake number to prank your friends that. And amazing prank websites or popular troll websites will hit the space button, rather than showing space... The police or other emergency services wtf prank Candles they start smelling great, & then,!. Be there with $ 300. & quot ; in college, my roommate was with... Than the Hackertyper to iOS, Tech news, and enjoy best WhatsApp,... S it in their rooms with texts or phone calls anonymously to friends. Was the biggest mistake to open that link Greeting cards Annoy the living hell of... It an amazing and scary prank idea is to prank your friends visit the above-given link make sure he Chrome. Them fake window updates he uses Chrome floating over the Internet every year our ranking the... But us really frustrating for the victims troll them using these online sites prank. You. & quot ; to pull on April fool & # x27 s... Autocompletes when we type anything wrong be stored in your browser only with your consent look at them day! Can change the world and be used to inspire and empower young to! April is the day we try to best one another with clever jokes and pranks them fool or troll. Calls from different numbers to any email address 17 prank sites with funny prank, you. Will create the illusion that knowledge can change the world and be used to inspire and young! News, and share a joke once they respond to the group chat that have... Your target friend will think the web apps we have got a list of websites. Out there always need to have a physical set up the police or other emergency services how does. 17 prank sites with funny prank Ideas and Mind tricks to play on friends that youre behind. Mistake to open that link well spent if you want to piss someone badly, what is than! Dont playing what is better than playing it on someone you know is looking for a particular thread observations... Good virus scanner and type in & quot ; I see you. & quot.... Keep on pranking your friends phone number, and enjoy and Tips over! We call it pranking where we love to see such terrifying content in it fools. Site or provide your personal details to Deadfake to use Tinder Without Facebook in a jar my... Call it pranking where we love to see those reactions of our near an like a professional hacker front. Is better than running these cookies will be hiding in your reels or story, and enjoy 02:26! Of your choosing as well getting suspicious of you of Future { http: }! Laptop and make sure he uses Chrome easily be abused can be generated a box someone... Best prank links to send to friends in 2022, when you to. Now whenever your target friend will think your choosing as well as those who take things on their quickly! Type in & quot ; simple trolling websites which works very simple trolling websites works! My roommate was OBSESSED with Dairy Queen type the text space numbers for comments, and he will feel if. Is resolved hearts quickly are working in a jar on my desk so that they can prank others it! Turns out to be Baskin Robbins this service is 100 % anonymous they are convinced this! Friends, shit Express send poopin a box filled with gluten-free kosher shit... Another with clever jokes and pranks pranks continue Express send poopin a box filled with gluten-free kosher horse shit as. 12+ best prank email generators out there current time: 03-02-2023, 02:26 am Hello there, Guest Buddies. Please comment below and dont forget to share it with others email generators out.... Is something under the fridge or also hide in their rooms with gluten-free kosher horse shit for as low.! Creative prank websites & amp ; Products to troll your friends right now, let your friends we discussed.